Didactical Reduction of Teaching Materials of Spermatophytes to Make Easier on Information Processing and to Reduce Mental Effort of Senior High School Student

This research aims to facilitate students in processing teaching material information and reducing student mental effort in Spermatophytes learning. This study using posttest only control group design. The subject for this study is the tenth class of MIA at one of Ciamis Senior High School which consist of 34 control-class students and 37 experiment-class students. Teaching in control-class use regular biology textbook from their school, then for teaching in experiment-class use flowchart as result of didactical reduction process. Information processing of the student is measured by task complexity worksheet and student mental effort is measured by questionnaire subjective rating scale (Likert scale). Student learning outcomes are measured on aspects of reasoning using pencil test. The data were analyzed statistically with mean test and correlation test. Research outcome showing that studentsinformation processing at experiment-class is higher and have significant difference than control-class. The high value of information processing and low value mental effort students in the experimental-class was significantly correlated with higher learning outcomes. This outcome show that didactical reduction can facilitate students for processing teaching material and reduce students mental effort so the teaching outcomes become better

Efikasi Limbah Sagu Sebagai Substrat Kaya Nutrisi Untuk Mikroalga Isolat Lipi11-2-al002 [Sago Waste Eficacy as Nutrition Rich Substrate for Microalgae Lipi11-2-al002 Isolate]

Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that have potential to produce some useful chemical substances such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Microalgae are also known exhibited ability as a bioremediation agent. This report is emphasized on analyzing the growth rate and nutritional content of microalgae including carbohydrate, protein and lipid from selected isolates LIPI11-2-AL002 that treated with sago waste. Microalgae were cultivated into hydrolysed sago “ampas” at the concentration of 0,50, 500,5000 ppm, and medium AF-6 (as control culture) respectively.Therefore selected microalgae isolate was cultivated in series of cultivation volume start from 100 mL until 5 Liter media gradually. Observed parameters were covered cell viability (growth) and proximate content of biomass including carbohydrate,lipid and protein content. The results showed that the carbohydrate and protein content in the algal biomass was increase along the addition of series sago “-ampas” concentration.The highest concentration of addition the sago ampas is 5000 ppm which is limit for the algal survival. In the highest treatment of sago waste the alga l proximate contents were 261.09 ppm of carbohydrate, 5.12 ppm of protein and 3.61% per of lipid dry weight respectively. In addition, the toxicity effect of fermentation product was not appeared in a toxicity test using gold fish komet(Carassius auratus)

Who decides what is fair in fair trade? The agri-environmental governance of standards, access, and price

The agri-environmental governance of value chains can favour a Polanyian double movement seeking social protection and control over price setting markets or it can advance a neoliberal logic that strives to overcome the few remaining civic and ecologic obstacles to full market dominance. Coupled with a typology that contrasts corporate social responsibility and social economy Fair Trade models, this theoretical framework elucidates positions in the current policy debates about the minimum coffee price standard. Many Southern smallholders consider Fair Trade's standards, which for coffee include direct market accesses for smallholder cooperatives, minimum prices, and environmental criteria, among the best deals available. The smallholder empowerment benefits are often better than competing eco-labels. However, this study finds that Fair Trade minimum prices lost 41 percent of their real value from 1988 to 2008. Despite objections from several 'market driven' firms and national labelling initiatives, smallholders' collective advocacy and this research contributed to the Fairtrade Labelling Organisations International's (FLO) decision to mandate a 7-11 percent minimum price increase. The price debates demonstrate that Fair Trade governance is neither purely neoliberal nor social movement led - it is a highly contested socially embedded practice. Voices without votes, North-South inequalities, and dwindling prices paid to its stated protagonists indicate the need for governance reform, cost of living price adjustments, and additional investment in the innovative alternative trade and hybrid models

Business History In Latin America

[No abstract available]52179186Stein, S.J., Stein, B.H., (1970) The Colonial Heritage of Latin America: Essays on Economic Dependence in Perspective, , New YorkPomeranz, K., (2000) The Great Divergence, China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy, , Princeton, N.JDonghi's, T.H., (1969) Historia Contemporanea de América Latina, , Madrid(1965) Business History, 39Florescano, E., (1975) Haciendas, Latifundios, y Plantaciones en America Latina, , Mexico(1985) Business History, 59De Guevara, C.D.L., Miller, R., (1999) Business History in Latin America: The Experience of Seven Countries, , Liverpool, U.KMiller's, R., Business History in Latin America, an Introduction, , in the volume. The book sports a 57-page bibliography on the business history of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and VenezuelaSutter, C.C., (1977) Latin America: A Guide to Economic History, 1830-1930, , Berkeley, CalifPlatt, D.C.M., (1977) British Imperialism 1840-1930: An Inquiry Based on British Experience in Latin America, , Oxford, U.KKlubock, T., (1998) Contested Communities: Class, Gender, and Politics in Chile's El Teniente Copper Mine, 1904-1951, , Durham, N.CMoreno, J., (2003) Yankee don't Go Home: Mexican Nationalism, American Business Culture, and the Shaping of Modern Mexico, 1920-1950, , Chapel Hill, N.CO'Brien, T., (1996) The Revolutionary Mission: American Enterprise in Latin America, 1900-1945, , Cambridge, U.KVon Der Weid, E., Bastos, A.M.R., Elia, F.C., (1986) O Fio da Meada. Estratégia de Expansão de Uma Indústria Têxtil. Companhia América Fabril, 1878-1930, , Rio de JaneiroOne thinks of, for example, CONDUMEX (Centro de Estudios de Historia de Mexico) and the Banamex archives in Mexico City, and IBMEC (Instituto Brasileiro de Mercados de Capitals) in Rio de JaneiroGoodall, F., Gourvish, T., Tolliday, S., (1997) International Bibliography of Business History, , LondonCenteno, M.A., López-Alves, F., (2001) The other Mirror: Grand Theory Through the Lens of Latin America, , Princeton, N.JCoatsworth, J.H., Taylor, A.M., (1998) Latin America and the World Economy since 1800, , Cambridge, MassHaber, S., (1997) How Latin America Fell Behind: The Economic History of Brazil and Mexico, , Stanford, CalifnoteSzmrecsányi, T., Maranhão, R., (2001) Historia de Empresas e Desenvolvimento Econômico: Coletánea de Textos Apresentada na II Conferência International de História de Empresas, Campus da USP, Setembro de 1993, , São PauloMarichal, C., Cerutti, M., (1997) Historia de Las Grandes Empresas en México, 1850-1930, , MexicoCerutti, M., (2000) Proprietarios, Empresarios en el Norte de México: Monterrey de 1848 a la Globalization, , Mexic

Phylogeny of the genus Pomatocalpa Breda (Orchidaceae)

Volume: 58Start Page: 55End Page: 7