Emergence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBLs) producing Proteus in raw milk of Doon Valley

The present study deals with the determination of extended spectrum of ß-lactamase (ESBL) producing Proteus in raw milk of Doon Valley. ESBL producing isolates were screened by double disc approximation test using commercially available ß-lactam (Piperacillin) and ß-lactam/ß-lactamase inhibitor combination (Piperacillin/ Tazobactam). All isolates of Proteus sp. were reported to resistant against Methicillin and were sensitive to Piperacillin, Cephotaxime, Ceftazidime, and Cefoperazone. This indicates that all the isolates were able to produce ß-lactamase in low and higher amount. This amount of ß-lactamase is inactivated by Tazobactam (ß-lactamase inhibitor) and the zone of inhibition with Piperacillin/Tazobactam combination was greater as compared to Piperacillin alone. There was a significant difference (>4 mm) in zone of inhibition was reported with Piperacillin and in combination of Piperacillin and Tazobactam. Hence, the overall emergence of ß-lactamase producing Proteus sp. in raw milk of Dehradun city was 100%, which is an alarming situation for public health and needs serious concern

Application of a Novel Tongue Resin Replication

Aims: Biofilms present a strategy for microorganisms to survive and resist adverse conditions. In order to further our understanding of this resistance mechanism, it is of much importance to develop new methodologies in order to assess such biofilm activities. One of the most defined biofilms is dental plaque. However, the oral cavity contains a different class of biofilm, the precise structural nature of which is dependent on its site of development. Indeed, tongue-coated biofilms have remained a focus for in vitro studies, especially since they represent the major source of oral malodor. The aim of this research was to investigate the growth of a biofilm on a tongue replication constructed from a resin material, and its use in further experimental investigations. Methods: The model used for this study involved an adapted CDC biofilm reactor in order to achieve this; Staphylococcus aureus was used as the test organism. Results: Biofilm culturing techniques employed demonstrated a positive growth from the microbes retrieved from the tongue-impressed resin material. Moreover, results acquired confirmed that theresin-based tongue replication harbored significantly greater levels of S. aureus than those of unimpressed resin, plastic and stainless steel controls. Conclusions: Therefore, this study provides evidence that the employment of a CDC biofilm reactor in combination with a resin tongue device creates an oral biofilm model which provides valuable information regarding our understanding of how the roughnes

Dopamine induces functional extracellular traps in microglia

Dopamine (DA) plays many roles in the brain, especially in movement, motivation, and reinforcement of behavior; however, its role in regulating innate immunity is not clear. Here, we show that DA can induce DNA-based extracellular traps in primary, adult, human microglia and BV2 microglia cell line. These DNA-based extracellular traps are formed independent of reactive oxygen species, actin polymerization, and cell death. These traps are functional and capture fluorescein (FITC)-tagged Escherichia coli even when reactive oxygen species production or actin polymerization is inhibited. We show that microglial extracellular traps are present in Glioblastoma multiforme. This is crucial because Glioblastoma multiforme cells are known to secrete DA. Our findings demonstrate that DA plays a significant role in sterile neuro-inflammation by inducing microglia extracellular traps

Dietary lysine requirement of juvenile Silver pompano, Trachinotus blochii (Lacepede, 1801)

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to quantify the dietary lysine requirement of juvenile silver pompano with an initial average weight of 6.28 g reared in indoor recirculatory system. Six treatment diets were designed with isonitrogenous, isolipidic and isoenergetic diets. (42% CP, 6% CL and 4.28 kcal g−1 GE) were formulated with graded levels of lysine (1.52, 1.85, 2.21, 2.49, 2.74 and 2.98 g/100 g, dry diet). Equal amino acid nitrogen was maintained by replacing lysine with nonessential amino acid mixture. Fish were randomly stocked, in triplicate groups, in 180 L indoor glass rectangular tanks with recirculatory system and fed to apparent satiation over two feedings at 10:00 and 16:00 h daily during the experimental period. The results indicated that there were significant differences in growth and feed utilization among the treatments. Fish fed diets with lysine in different treatments showed high survival rate (95–100%). Maximum weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) occurred at 2.21% dietary lysine. The hepatosomatic index (HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI) and crude protein content in whole body were significantly affected by dietary lysine levels. There were significant differences (P < .05) in total serum protein levels and erythrocyte count in fish fed diets with different dietary lysine levels. No significant differences were observed in the levels of serum glucose, triglycerides and creatinine levels among the treatments. In the present study, optimization of fitted quadratic regression of weight gain%, SGR, PER and FER on lysine in diet revealed that the optimum lysine requirement of silver pompano was in the range of 2.40–2.45% of dry diet (5.71–5.83% of dietary crude protein)

Effects of cooking methods and in-vitro digestion on the digestibility and antioxidant properties of ngari (a fermented fish product of India)

879-888Ngari is a popular ethnic fermented fish product from North-Eastern India. It is consumed after heat process either as a part of regular meal or as a condiment. However, there is no adequate knowledge on the digestion of ngari and the bioactive potential of the digest. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of different heat processes viz., air frying, roasting and saut&eacute;ing on the chemical attributes and in-vitro digestion characteristics of ngari with reference to digestibility and antioxidant potential. The different heat processes significantly increased the dry matter content, thereby altering the proximate composition of the ngari. Nutritional analyses revealed that the highest value of protein is in air fried ngari (44.14%), while maximum fat in saut&eacute;ed ngari (27.57%). Fatty acids analysis showed that palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid were the major fatty acids present in ngari irrespective of different heat processing. Antioxidant potential of ngari was significantly influenced by heating processes and digestion methods (pepsin or pepsin-cum-pancreatin). Heat processes significantly reduced DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and metal chelating activity, while increasing the reducing power of the nagri. Study on peptide released during digestion by SDS-PAGE (Sodium lauryl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) showed that pepsin digestion led to formation of low molecular weight peptides (14-66 kDa). Subsequently, the pepsin-cum-pancreatin digestion degraded the relatively larger peptides into further smaller ones. The different heat processes enhanced the sensory appeal of the product without exerting any negative influence on its digestibility and bioactive properties

Effects of Cooking Methods and in-vitro Digestion on the Digestibility and Antioxidant Properties of Ngari (a fermented fish product of India)

Ngari is a popular ethnic fermented fish product from North-Eastern India. It is consumed after heat process either as a part of regular meal or as a condiment. However, there is no adequate knowledge on the digestion of Ngari and the bioactive potential of the digest. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of different heat processes viz., air frying, roasting and sautéing-on the chemical attributes and in-vitro digestion characteristics of Ngari with reference to digestibility and antioxidant potential. The different heat processes significantly increased the dry matter content, thereby altering the proximate composition of the Ngari. Nutritional analyses revealed that highest value of protein is in air fried Ngari (44.14%), while maximum fat in sautéed Ngari (27.57%). Fatty acids analysis showed that palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid were the major fatty acids present in Ngari irrespective of different heat processing. Antioxidant potential of Ngari was significantly influenced by heating processes and digestion methods (pepsin or pepsin-cum-pancreatin). Heat processes significantly reduced DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and metal chelating activity, while increasing the reducing power of the Nagri. Study of peptide released during digestion by SDS-PAGE (Sodium lauryl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) showed that pepsin digestion led to formation of low molecular weight peptides (14-66 kDa). Subsequently, the pepsin-cum-pancreatin digestion disintegrated the relatively larger peptides into further smaller ones. The different heat processes enhanced the sensory appeal of the product without exerting any negative influence on its digestibility and bioactive properties

Brain Metastases in Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Case Report and Literature Review

Background and purpose: Brain metastasis is a relatively uncommon event in the natural history of soft tissue sarcomas. The increasing use of chemotherapy may have caused a reduction in local relapses as well as distant failures leading to an improvement in survival, thereby allowing metachronous seeding of the brain, a sanctuary site. The purpose of this report is to increase awareness amongst clinicians regarding such a possibility

Machine-Learning-Based Radiomics for Classifying Glioma Grade from Magnetic Resonance Images of the Brain

Grading of gliomas is a piece of critical information related to prognosis and survival. Classifying glioma grade by semantic radiological features is subjective, requires multiple MRI sequences, is quite complex and clinically demanding, and can very often result in erroneous radiological diagnosis. We used a radiomics approach with machine learning classifiers to determine the grade of gliomas. Eighty-three patients with histopathologically proven gliomas underwent MRI of the brain. Whenever available, immunohistochemistry was additionally used to augment the histopathological diagnosis. Segmentation was performed manually on the T2W MR sequence using the TexRad texture analysis softwareTM, Version 3.10. Forty-two radiomics features, which included first-order features and shape features, were derived and compared between high-grade and low-grade gliomas. Features were selected by recursive feature elimination using a random forest algorithm method. The classification performance of the models was measured using accuracy, precision, recall, f1 score, and area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve. A 10-fold cross-validation was adopted to separate the training and the test data. The selected features were used to build five classifier models: support vector machine, random forest, gradient boost, naive Bayes, and AdaBoost classifiers. The random forest model performed the best, achieving an AUC of 0.81, an accuracy of 0.83, f1 score of 0.88, a recall of 0.93, and a precision of 0.85 for the test cohort. The results suggest that machine-learning-based radiomics features extracted from multiparametric MRI images can provide a non-invasive method for predicting glioma grades preoperatively. In the present study, we extracted the radiomics features from a single cross-sectional image of the T2W MRI sequence and utilized these features to build a fairly robust model to classify low-grade gliomas from high-grade gliomas (grade 4 gliomas)