Individual and Contextual Factors of Sexual Risk Behavior in Youth Perinatally Infected with HIV

Abstract This study prospectively examines the effects of maternal and child HIV infection on youth penetrative and unprotected penetrative sex, as well as the role of internal contextual, external contextual, social and self-regulatory factors in influencing the sexual behaviors of HIV?infected (PHIV+), HIV?affected (uninfected with an HIV+ caregiver), and HIV unaffected (uninfected with an HIV? caregiver) youth over time. Data (N=420) were drawn from two longitudinal studies focused on the effects of pediatric or maternal HIV on youth (51% female; 39% PHIV+) and their caregivers (92% female; 46% HIV+). PHIV+ youth were significantly less likely to engage in penetrative sex than HIV? youth at follow-up, after adjusting for contextual, social, and self-regulatory factors. Other individual- and contextual-level factors such as youth alcohol and marijuana use, residing with a biological parent, caregiver employment, caregiver marijuana use, and youth self-concept were also associated with penetrative sex. Youth who used alcohol were significantly more likely to engage in unprotected penetrative sex. Data suggest that, despite contextual, social, and self-regulatory risk factors, PHIV+ youth are less likely to engage in sexual behavior compared to HIV? youth from similar environments. Further research is required to understand delays in sexual activity in PHIV+ youth and also to understand potential factors that promote resiliency, particularly as they age into older adolescence and young adulthood.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/98470/1/apc%2E2012%2E0005.pd

Quantitative and Selective Analysis of Feline Growth Related Proteins Using Parallel Reaction Monitoring High Resolution Mass Spectrometry.

Today immunoassays are widely used in veterinary medicine, but lack of species specific assays often necessitates the use of assays developed for human applications. Mass spectrometry (MS) is an attractive alternative due to high specificity and versatility, allowing for species-independent analysis. Targeted MS-based quantification methods are valuable complements to large scale shotgun analysis. A method referred to as parallel reaction monitoring (PRM), implemented on Orbitrap MS, has lately been presented as an excellent alternative to more traditional selected reaction monitoring/multiple reaction monitoring (SRM/MRM) methods. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-system is not well described in the cat but there are indications of important differences between cats and humans. In feline medicine IGF-I is mainly analyzed for diagnosis of growth hormone disorders but also for research, while the other proteins in the IGF-system are not routinely analyzed within clinical practice. Here, a PRM method for quantification of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein (BP) -3 and IGFBP-5 in feline serum is presented. Selective quantification was supported by the use of a newly launched internal standard named QPrEST™. Homology searches demonstrated the possibility to use this standard of human origin for quantification of the targeted feline proteins. Excellent quantitative sensitivity at the attomol/μL (pM) level and selectivity were obtained. As the presented approach is very generic we show that high resolution mass spectrometry in combination with PRM and QPrEST™ internal standards is a versatile tool for protein quantitation across multispecies

Effect of insulin treatment on circulating insulin-like growth factor I and IGF-binding proteins in cats with diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is used to screen for acromegaly in diabetic cats. In humans, most circulating IGF-I forms ternary complexes (TC) with IGF-binding protein (IGFBP-3) and an acid-labile subunit. Compared to humans, the amount of TC in cats is more variable. Insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations are reported to increase during insulin treatment, more rapidly in cats achieving remission. OBJECTIVES: To investigate (i) factors associated with circulating IGF-I concentrations, including IGFBP-profiles (ii) effect of insulin treatment on IGF-I concentrations and (iii) IGF-I as prognostic marker of diabetes mellitus remission. ANIMALS: Thirty-one privately owned diabetic cats of which 24 were followed 1 year, and 13 healthy cats. METHODS: Prospective study. Serum insulin, IGF-I, glucose, and fructosamine concentrations were measured. IGF-binding forms were determined by chromatography in 14 diabetic and 13 healthy cats; and IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-5 by mass spectrometry in 3 cats achieving remission. RESULTS: Insulin-like growth factor-I median (interquartile range) before start of insulin treatment was 300 (160-556) ng/mL. Insulin-like growth factor-I was positively associated with TC (P &lt; .0001) and endogenous insulin (P = .005) and negatively associated with fructosamine (P &lt; .0001). Median IGF-I was higher 2-4 weeks after start of insulin treatment compared with baseline (300 versus 670 ng/mL, P = .0001) and predicted future remission (P = .046). In cats that went into remission, the amount of TC and IGFBP-3 increased, suggesting increase in IGF-I is dependent on TC formation. CONCLUSIONS: Insulin treatment should be accounted for when interpreting IGF-I in diabetic cats. Insulin-like growth factor-I 2-4 weeks after initiation of insulin treatment shows promise as prognostic marker for remission in diabetic cats.Fall och Lewitt delar sistaförfattarskapet.</p

Homology study of the four selected cat proteins and their human analogues.

<p>Human (*) and feline (¤) amino acid sequence with QPrEST™ sequence underscored in the human sequence. IGFBP–5 has two available QPrESTs™ while IGF–II and IGFBP–3 have one each. Tryptic peptides in QPrESTs™ matching peptides found in the feline sequence are market in bold italic (green peptides were used for quantification and the red ones were evaluated but not used). For IGF-I there was no tryptic peptide in the QPrEST™ that matched any feline peptide. The blue peptide is the synthetic NEPTune™ peptide used for quantification and the red peptide was evaluated but not used. The shorter mature protein is marked between ││ for IGF–I and IGF–II. Similarity scores from EMBOSS Needle is presented below the sequences.</p

Result of shotgun analyses of gel fractionated cat sera samples.

<p>Result of shotgun analyses of gel fractionated cat sera samples.</p

Targeted peptides included in the PRM method.

<p>Bold,underscored peptides were used for final quantification. C-terminal arginine (R) and Lysine (K) were heavy labeled. All cysteines are carbamidomethylated. The fragments selected for quantification are given, and all these fragments were singly charged.</p

Internal standard dilution series.

<p>QPrEST™ and NEPTune™ peptides spiked into cat serum, analyzed with the PRM method at different concentrations. The ratio synthetic/native peptide is plotted against the spiked concentration.</p