Detection of peptide-based nanoparticles in blood plasma by ELISA

Aims: The aim of the current study was to develop a method to detect peptide-linked nanoparticles in blood plasma. Materials & Methods: A convenient enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of peptides functionalized with biotin and fluorescein groups. As a proof of principle, polymerized pentafluorophenyl methacrylate nanoparticles linked to biotin-carboxyfluorescein labeled peptides were intravenously injected in Wistar rats. Serial blood plasma samples were analyzed by ELISA and by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) technology. Results: The ELISA based method for the detection of FITC labeled peptides had a detection limit of 1 ng/mL. We were able to accurately measure peptides bound to pentafluorophenyl meth-acrylate nanoparticles in blood plasma of rats, and similar results were obtained by LC/MS. Conclusions: We detected FITC-labeled peptides on pentafluorophenyl methacrylate nanoparticles after injection in vivo. This method can be extended to detect nanoparticles with different chemical compositions

Preparation and optical properties of novel bioactive photonic crystals obtained from core-shell poly(styrene/α-tert-butoxy-ω-vinylbenzyl-polyglycidol) microspheres

Optical properties of polymer microspheres with polystyrene cores and polyglycidol-enriched shells poly(styrene/α-tert-butoxy-ω-vinylbenzyl-polyglycidol) (P(S/PGL) particles with number average diameters Dn determined by scanning electron microscopy equal 237 and 271 nm), were studied before and after immobilization of ovalbumin. The particles were synthesized by emulsifier-free emulsion copolymerization of styrene and polyglycidol macromonomer (poly(styrene/α-tert-butoxy-ω-vinylbenzyl-polyglycidol)) initiated with potassium persulfate. Molar fraction of polyglycidol units in the interfacial layer of the microspheres determined by XPS was equal 42.6 and 34.0%, for the particles with Dn equal 137 and 271 nm, respectively. Colloidal crystals from the aforementioned particles were prepared by deposition of particle suspensions on the glass slides and subsequent evaporation of water. It was found that optical properties of colloidal crystals from the P(S/PGL) microspheres strongly depend on modification of their interfacial layer by covalent immobilization of ovalbumin. The coating of particles with ovalbumin resulted in decreasing their refractive index from 1.58 to 1.52

Introduction

Why do parent\u2013child argumentative interactions matter? What is the reason for such an interest? This chapter provides the reasons that motivated the study of parent\u2013child argumentation with the aim to understand the function of this type of interactions. Focusing on the activity of family mealtime, in the first part, the chapter draws attention to the distinctive features of parent\u2013child conversations. A second section of the chapter is devoted to discussing whether and, eventually, when children have the competence to construct arguments and engage in argumentative discussions with the aim to convince their parents to change opinion. In the last part of the chapter, research questions and structure of the volume are presented

Predicting Friendship Quality in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Typical Development

The role played by social relationship variables (attachment security; mother–child relationship qualities) and social-cognitive capacities (theory of mind) was examined in both observed friendship behaviors and in children’s descriptions of friendships (age 8–12) with high functioning children with autism spectrum disorders (HFASD) (n = 44) and with typical development (TYP) (n = 38). Overall, half of the HFASD sample (54.45%) reported maternal attachment security, corroborating data from younger children with ASD. The hypothesized predictors and their interrelations had both direct and indirect effects on friendship for both groups of children, highlighting the importance of these factors in children’s friendship development and suggesting both compensatory and amplification mechanisms for friendship qualities. Practical and clinical implications are discussed for friendship support in both ASD and TYP

Polysiloxane microcapsules, microspheres and their derivatives

The paper summarizes progress in synthesis of polysiloxane microspheres, as well as in preparation of their functional and ceramic derivatives. Synthesis of microcapsules with polysiloxane shells is also discussed. Structure and most important properties of the microparticles are analyzed. Presented routes used for formulation of microspheres include preparation the particles by a sol-gel process from the functional (e.g., containing vinyl groups alkoxysilanes) and by cross-linking of polyhydrosiloxanes with low molar mass or oligomeric divinyl compounds (in many instances also polysiloxanes). The minireview describes also synthesis of polysiloxanes from polyhydrosiloxanes and divinyl compounds in a process involving hydrolysis of ≡SiH groups to ≡SiOH silanols and their dehydrocondensation, carried out in dispersed systems. Synthesis of modified polysiloxane microspheres yielding the particles with controlled hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance [presence of the hydrophobic (CH3)3Si– or ≡SiOCH(CH3)2 and hydrophilic siloxane groups] is discussed. Preparation of the functionalized particles with epoxy, amine, and vinyl groups is presented. The paper describes modification of the routes of synthesis of the polysiloxane particles was yielding hybrid particles with the core-shell structure, in which polysiloxanes constitute the particles' cores or shells. In the latter case, the particles had the structure of polysiloxane microcapsules containing encapsulated inorganic or organic material. Preparation of composed microspheres, which in addition to polysiloxane contain a significant fraction of organic material is described. The paper depicts polysiloxane microspheres as an attractive preceramic material. Selected applications of polysiloxane based particles as carriers of catalysts, optical diffusers and phase-change microspheres are discussed.Przedstawiono rozwój syntezy polisiloksanowych mikrosfer i ich funkcjonalnych oraz ceramicznych pochodnych. Omówiono syntezę mikrokapsułek z polisiloksanową otoczką, analizowano strukturę i najważniejsze ich właściwości. Opisano metody wykorzystane do formowania mikrosfer, obejmujące wytwarzanie mikrosfer w procesach zol-żel z komponentów funkcjonalnych (np. alkoksysilanów zawierających grupy winylowe), sieciowania polihydrosilanów oraz o małej masie molowej lub oligomerycznych substratów diwinylowych (w większości wypadków także polisiloksanów). Poniższy mini przegląd literatury dotyczy także syntezy polisiloksanów z polihydrosiloksanów i komponentów diwinylowych w procesie hydrolizy grup ≡SiH do ≡SiOH i następnej ich dehydrokondensacji w dyspersji wodnej. Syntetyzowanie modyfikowanych mikrosfer polisiloksanowych umożliwia otrzymanie cząsteczek o kontrolowanym bilansie hydrofilowo-hydrofobowym [obecność grup hydrofobowych (CH3)3Si– lub ≡SiOCH(CH3)2 i hydrofilowych grup siloksanowych]. Omówiono wytwarzanie cząsteczek zawierających epoksydowe, aminowe i winylowe grupy funkcyjne. Opisano modyfikacje metod syntezy polisiloksanowych cząsteczek, prowadzące do cząsteczek hybrydowych o strukturze rdzeń-otoczka, w których polisiloksany tworzą otoczkę lub rdzeń, a także syntezę polisiloksanowych mikrokapsułek zawierających enkapsulowany organiczny bądź nieorganiczny materiał. W artykule przedstawiono polisiloksanowe mikrosfery jako atrakcyjny preceramiczny materiał o potencjalnym zastosowaniu w charakterze nośników katalizatorów, dyfuzorów optycznych i zmiennofazowych mikrosfer

Polisiloksanowe mikrokapsułki, mikrosfery i ich pochodne

The paper summarizes progress in synthesis of polysiloxane microspheres, as well as in preparation of their functional and ceramic derivatives. Synthesis of microcapsules with polysiloxane shells is also discussed. Structure and most important properties of the microparticles are analyzed. Presented routes used for formulation of microspheres include preparation the particles by a sol-gel process from the functional (e.g., containing vinyl groups alkoxysilanes) and by cross-linking of polyhydrosiloxanes with low molar mass or oligomeric divinyl compounds (in many instances also polysiloxanes). The minireview describes also synthesis of polysiloxanes from polyhydrosiloxanes and divinyl compounds in a process involving hydrolysis of ≡SiH groups to ≡SiOH silanols and their dehydrocondensation, carried out in dispersed systems. Synthesis of modified polysiloxane microspheres yielding the particles with controlled hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance [presence of the hydrophobic (CH3)3Si– or ≡SiOCH(CH3)2 and hydrophilic siloxane groups] is discussed. Preparation of the functionalized particles with epoxy, amine, and vinyl groups is presented. The paper describes modification of the routes of synthesis of the polysiloxane particles was yielding hybrid particles with the core-shell structure, in which polysiloxanes constitute the particles' cores or shells. In the latter case, the particles had the structure of polysiloxane microcapsules containing encapsulated inorganic or organic material. Preparation of composed microspheres, which in addition to polysiloxane contain a significant fraction of organic material is described. The paper depicts polysiloxane microspheres as an attractive preceramic material. Selected applications of polysiloxane based particles as carriers of catalysts, optical diffusers and phase-change microspheres are discussed.Przedstawiono rozwój syntezy polisiloksanowych mikrosfer i ich funkcjonalnych oraz ceramicznych pochodnych. Omówiono syntezę mikrokapsułek z polisiloksanową otoczką, analizowano strukturę i najważniejsze ich właściwości. Opisano metody wykorzystane do formowania mikrosfer, obejmujące wytwarzanie mikrosfer w procesach zol-żel z komponentów funkcjonalnych (np. alkoksysilanów zawierających grupy winylowe), sieciowania polihydrosilanów oraz o małej masie molowej lub oligomerycznych substratów diwinylowych (w większości wypadków także polisiloksanów). Poniższy mini przegląd literatury dotyczy także syntezy polisiloksanów z polihydrosiloksanów i komponentów diwinylowych w procesie hydrolizy grup ≡SiH do ≡SiOH i następnej ich dehydrokondensacji w dyspersji wodnej. Syntetyzowanie modyfikowanych mikrosfer polisiloksanowych umożliwia otrzymanie cząsteczek o kontrolowanym bilansie hydrofilowo-hydrofobowym [obecność grup hydrofobowych (CH3)3Si– lub ≡SiOCH(CH3)2 i hydrofilowych grup siloksanowych]. Omówiono wytwarzanie cząsteczek zawierających epoksydowe, aminowe i winylowe grupy funkcyjne. Opisano modyfikacje metod syntezy polisiloksanowych cząsteczek, prowadzące do cząsteczek hybrydowych o strukturze rdzeń-otoczka, w których polisiloksany tworzą otoczkę lub rdzeń, a także syntezę polisiloksanowych mikrokapsułek zawierających enkapsulowany organiczny bądź nieorganiczny materiał. W artykule przedstawiono polisiloksanowe mikrosfery jako atrakcyjny preceramiczny materiał o potencjalnym zastosowaniu w charakterze nośników katalizatorów, dyfuzorów optycznych i zmiennofazowych mikrosfer