The association of painful and non-painful morbidities with frailty: a cross sectional analysis of a cohort of community dwelling older people in England

IntroductionThe association between chronic pain and frailty might indicate that pain is an independent driver of frailty but might alternatively be explained by inclusion within frailty identification tools of morbidities that commonly lead to chronic pain. This research examines the extent to which the association of pain with frailty might be attributed to morbidities.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis of older people in a UK cohort with or at risk of musculoskeletal problems or frailty (Investigating Musculoskeletal Health and Wellbeing study), used multivariable logistic regression and Z-tests to assess the degrees of associations of pain (McGill Pain Rating Index), and painful and non-painful morbidity counts with frailty (modified FRAIL questionnaire).ResultsData were from 2,185 participants, 56% female, median age 73 (range 60 to 96) years. 430 (20%) participants were classified as frail. In a fully adjusted standardised model, pain (aOR 2.07 (95%CI 1.83 to 2.33) and ‘any’ morbidity aOR (1.74 (95%CI 1.54 to 1.97) were both significantly associated with frailty. When morbidity was subclassified as painful or non-painful, painful (aOR 1.48 (95%CI 1.30 to 1.68) and non-painful (aOR1.39 (95%CI 1.24 to 1.56)) morbidities each were associated with frailty, as also was pain (aOR 2.07 (95%CI 1.83 to 2.34, p < 0.001).ConclusionsPain is associated with frailty, over and above any effect of painful and non-painful morbidities. This forms the justification for future research which focuses on pain management in the identification, prevention, and treatment of frailty

Contribution of nerves within osteochondral channels to osteoarthritis knee pain in humans and rats

© 2020 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Objectives: Subchondral bone may contribute to knee osteoarthritis (OA) pain. Nerve growth factor (NGF) can stimulate nerve growth through TrkA. We aimed to identify how sensory nerve growth at the osteochondral junction in human and rat knees associates with OA pain. Methods: Eleven symptomatic chondropathy cases were selected from people undergoing total knee replacement for OA. Twelve asymptomatic chondropathy cases who had not presented with knee pain were selected post-mortem. OA was induced in rat knees by meniscal transection (MNX) and sham-operated rats were used as controls. Twice-daily oral doses (30 mg/kg) of TrkA inhibitor (AR786) or vehicle were administered from before and up to 28 days after OA induction. Joints were analysed for macroscopic appearances of articular surfaces, OA histopathology and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (CGRP-IR) sensory nerves in medial tibial plateaux, and rats were assessed for pain behaviors. Results: The percentage of osteochondral channels containing CGRP-IR nerves in symptomatic chondropathy was higher than in asymptomatic chondropathy (difference: 2.5% [95% CI: 1.1–3.7]), and in MNX-than in sham-operated rat knees (difference: 7.8% [95%CI: 1.7–15.0]). Osteochondral CGRP-IR innervation was significantly associated with pain behavior in rats. Treatment with AR786 prevented the increase in CGRP-IR nerves in osteochondral channels and reduced pain behavior in MNX-operated rats. Structural OA was not significantly affected by AR786 treatment. Conclusions: CGRP-IR sensory nerves within osteochondral channels are associated with pain in human and rat knee OA. Reduced pathological innervation of the osteochondral junction might contribute to analgesic effects of reduced NGF activity achieved by blocking TrkA

Clinical and Preclinical Evidence for Roles of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase in Osteoarthritis Knee Pain

Objective: Chronic pain due to osteoarthritis (OA) is a major clinical problem, and existing analgesics often have limited beneficial effects and/or adverse effects, necessitating the development of novel therapies. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are endogenous antiinflammatory mediators, rapidly metabolized by soluble epoxide hydrolase (EH) to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). We undertook this study to assess whether soluble EH–driven metabolism of EETs to DHETs plays a critical role in chronic joint pain associated with OA and provides a new target for treatment. Methods: Potential associations of chronic knee pain with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene-encoding soluble EH and with circulating levels of EETs and DHETs were investigated in human subjects. A surgically induced murine model of OA was used to determine the effects of both acute and chronic selective inhibition of soluble EH by N-[1-(1-oxopropy)-4-piperidinyl]-N′-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-urea (TPPU) on weight-bearing asymmetry, hind paw withdrawal thresholds, joint histology, and circulating concentrations of EETs and DHETs. Results: In human subjects with chronic knee pain, 3 pain measures were associated with SNPs of the soluble EH gene EPHX2, and in 2 separate cohorts of subjects, circulating levels of EETs and DHETs were also associated with 3 pain measures. In the murine OA model, systemic administration of TPPU both acutely and chronically reversed established pain behaviors and decreased circulating levels of 8,9-DHET and 14,15-DHET. EET levels were unchanged by TPPU administration. Conclusion: Our novel findings support a role of soluble EH in OA pain and suggest that inhibition of soluble EH and protection of endogenous EETs from catabolism represents a potential new therapeutic target for OA pain

Dataset

this data is about lipid peroxidation (MDA) and oxidative stress (GPx) and change of body weight in male rat induced by chlorpyrifos and the protective effect of Rosmarinus Officinalis in Liver, Kidney, and Blood in five groups of male ra

Dataset

this data is about lipid peroxidation (MDA) and oxidative stress (GPx) and change of body weight in male rat induced by chlorpyrifos and the protective effect of Rosmarinus Officinalis in Liver, Kidney, and Blood in five groups of male ra

Presence of Atrazine in the Biological Samples of Cattle and Its Consequence Adversity in Human Health

Background: Cattle can be considered as an important source for herbicides through nutrition. Therefore, herbicide residue in animal products is a potential human exposure to herbicides causing public health problems in human life. Triazines are a group of herbicides primarily used to control broadleaf weeds in corn and other feed ingredients and are considered as possible human carcinogens. To evaluate trace residue of these pollutants molecular imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) method has been developed, using biological samples.Methods: Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of 45 Holstein cows in 3 commercial dairy farms in Khuzestan Province, Iran. Urine samples were also taken from the cows.Results: The mean ± SD concentrations of atrazine in serum and urine samples of the study group (0.739 ± 0.567 ppm and 1.389 ± 0.633 ppm, respectively) were higher (P < 0.05) than the concentrations in serum and urine samples of the control group (0.002 ± 0.005 ppm and 0.012 ± 0.026 ppm, respectively).Conclusion: Atrazine in the feed ingredients ingested by cattle could be transferred into the biological samples and conse­quently can be considered as a potential hazard for the public health

Evaluation of Workers’ Exposure to Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI) in an Automobile Manufacturing Company, Iran

Evaluation of personal inhalation exposure to methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) among 39 employees, working in the window fixation and window glue processes in an automobile manufacturing company was performed. This study was conducted for both case and control groups. After sampling and sample preparation processes, MDI was determined with a UV-VIS spectrophotometer at 590 nm; the lung function was assessed with a digital spirometer, too. The average concentration of MDI in the window fixation, and window glue workplaces were 34.53 and 27.37 μg/m3, respectively, which was lower than the threshold limit value (TLV) recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (51 μg/m3). Respiratory symptoms in the exposed group were significantly different compared to the unexposed group (p < .05). Lung capacities in the case group were lower than in the control group (p < .05). Therefore, MDI can be easily measured making it possible to evaluate the adverse effects caused by occupational exposure

Separation and quantification of diazinon in water samples using liquid-phase microextraction-based effervescent tablet-assisted switchable solvent method coupled to gas chromatography-flame ionization detection

This study used a liquid-phase microextraction-based effervescent tablet-assisted switchable solvent method coupled to gas chromatography-flame ionization detection as an eco-efficient, convenient-to-use, cost-effective, sensitive, rapid, and efficient method for extracting, preconcentrating, and quantifying trace amounts of diazinon in river water samples. As a switchable solvent, triethylamine (TEA) was used. In situ generation of CO(2) using effervescent tablet containing Na(2) CO(3) and citric acid changed the hydrophobic TEA to the hydrophilic protonated triethylamine carbonate (P-TEA-C). CO(2) removal from the specimen solution using NaOH caused P-TEA-C to be converted into TEA and led to phase separation, during which diazinon was extracted into the TEA phase. The salting-out process was helpful in enhancing extraction efficiency. In addition, a number of significant parameters that affect extraction recovery were examined. Under optimum conditions, the limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.06 and 0.2 ng/ml, respectively. The extraction recovery percentage and pre-concentration factor were obtained at 95 and 190, respectively, and the precision (inter- and intra-day, relative standard deviation , n = 5) was <5

"EVALUATION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS RISK FACTORS AMONG THE CREW OF THE IRANIAN PORTS AND SHIPPING ORGANIZATION’S VESSELS"

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are important causes of work incapacity and loss of work days. MSDs are major problems in almost all countries and increasingly can be found in service industries such as maritime sector. This study aimed at evaluation of MSDs symptoms among crew of tugboats, dredgers, pilot boats and barges by using Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and also determination of work-related MSDs risk factors by application of Ovako Working Analysis Posture System (OWAS). The result showed that 28.4% of body postures rated in action category 3 and 4 of OWAS. It seems that OWAS cannot be used as a determination method of risk factors for all jobs. Also, the best and sometimes the only way to correct awkward postures is correction of worker&apos;s back position

The protective effect of rosemary in mitigating oxidative stress induced by Chlorpyrifos in rat kidney

Introduction: Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus insecticide that can produce reactive oxygen species, and oxidative stress in the kidney. On the other hand, rosemary extract is an antioxidant playing a protective role against free radicals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress in rat kidney due to the exposure to chlorpyrifos and to assess the antioxidant effect of two concentrations of 100 and 200 mg / kg rosemary extract on the nephrotoxicity caused by this pesticide. Material and method: In the current study, 30 male Wistar Rats, weighing 200-220 g were used. They were randomly divided into five groups and selected as the study groups, each group including six rats for further comparison. They were as following groupd: Group I: served as control (received dissilated water, i.p) , Group II: the chlorpyrifos exposure group (13.5 mg/kg, i.p.), Group Iii: the group exposed to rosemary extract (100 mg/kg) by gavage, Group IV: the exposure group with rosemary 100 mg/kg concentration (by gavage) and after 30 minutes exposure to chlorpyrifos (13.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and Group V: simultaneous exposure of rosemary 200 mg/kg concentration (by gavage) and after 30 minutes exposure to chlorpyrifos (13.5 mg/kg, i.p.). After 2 and 4 weeks, the rats were weighed and killed. A section of kidney tissue was examined for changes of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and another section was tested for histopathological alterations. Results: The results showed that chlorpyrifos significantly damaged the kidney tissue and altered the activity of GPx and MDA compared to the control group, as well as it damaged the kidney tissue. Moreover, the simultaneous exposure to chlorpyrifos and rosemary extract with concentration of 100 mg/kg significantly made modifications to the MDA and GPx levels. In addition, with the increasing of rosemary doses from 100 to 200 mg/kg, changes in the levels of MDA and GPx were closer to those of the control group. Conclusion: The rosemary extract can reduce the oxidative stress caused by chlorpyrifos and, therefore, can be used to treat the poisoning caused by this pesticide