Suzaku Detection of Thermal X-Ray Emission Associated with the Western Radio Lobe of Fornax A

We present the results of X-ray mapping observations of the western radio lobe of the Fornax A galaxy, using the X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (XIS) onboard the Suzaku satellite with a total exposure time of 327 ks. The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature and spatial extent of the diffuse thermal emission around the lobe by exploiting the low and stable background of the XIS. The diffuse thermal emission had been consistently reported in all previous studies of this region, but its physical nature and relation to the radio lobe had not been examined in detail. Using the data set covering the entire western lobe and the central galaxy NGC 1316, as well as comparison sets in the vicinity, we find convincingly the presence of thermal plasma emission with a temperature of ~1 keV in excess of conceivable background and contaminating emission (cosmic X-ray background, Galactic halo, intra-cluster gas of Fornax, interstellar gas of NGC 1316, and the ensemble of point-like sources). Its surface brightness is consistent with having a spherical distribution peaking at the center of the western lobe with a projected radius of ~12 arcmin. If the volume filling factor of the thermal gas is assumed to be unity, its estimated total mass amounts to ~10^{10} M_sun, which would be ~10^{2} times that of the central black hole and comparable to that of the current gas mass of the host galaxy. Its energy density is comparable to or larger than those in the magnetic field and non-thermal electrons responsible for the observed radio and X-ray emission.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in PAS

Analisis Pengaruh Bentuk Permukaan Piston Model Kontur Radius Gelombang Sinus Terhadap Kinerja Motor Bensin

Secara garis besar motor bensin tersusun oleh beberapa komponen utama meliputi : blok silinder (cylinderblock), kepala silinder (cylinder head), poros engkol (crank shaft), torak (piston), batang piston (connectingrod), roda penerus (fly wheel), poros cam (cam shaft) dan mekanik katup (valve mechanic). Berdasarkandiskripsi dari sistem kerja, karakteristik dan bagian komponen mekanik motor bakar torak (piston), adalahmemungkinkan modifikasi khususnya pada torak (piston) pada motor bakar torak. Pada penelitian inimaka kita akan memodifikasi permukaan piston menjadi permukaan piston bergelombang sinus. Hasilpenelitian ini untuk mencari perbandingan model-model profil permukaan torak (piston face) gunamendapatkan model yang optimal dan dapat mengasilkan kerja maksimal. Model permukaan torak dapatdilakukan dengan modifikasi desain permukaan torak dengan kontur radius gelombang sinus. Pelaksanaanidentifikasi penelitian ini pada modifikasi permukaan torak dengan kontur radius gelombang sinus, maka akandiperoleh hasil yaitu desain modifikasi dan karakteristik permukaan torak dengan kontur radius. Dan penelitidapat mengetahui pengaruh terhadap daya pengisapan dan perbandingan kompresi pada mesin tersebut, sertahasil tenaga atau daya motor. Selain analisis secara matematis, penelti juga mensimulasikan laju aliran fluidayang terjadi pada silinder tersebut dengan menggunakan program solidworks

Hard X-Ray Spectrum from West Lobe of Radio Galaxy Fornax A Observed with Suzaku

An observation of the West lobe of radio galaxy Fornax A (NGC 1316) with Suzaku is reported. Since Feigelson et al. (1995) and Kaneda et al. (1995) discovered the cosmic microwave background boosted inverse-Comptonized (IC) X-rays from the radio lobe, the magnetic field and electron energy density in the lobes have been estimated under the assumption that a single component of the relativistic electrons generates both the IC X-rays and the synchrotron radio emission. However, electrons generating the observed IC X-rays in the 1 -- 10 keV band do not possess sufficient energy to radiate the observed synchrotron radio emission under the estimated magnetic field of a few micro-G. On the basis of observations made with Suzaku, we show in the present paper that a 0.7 -- 20 keV spectrum is well described by a single power-law model with an energy index of 0.68 and a flux density of 0.12+/-0.01 micro-Jy at 1 keV from the West lobe. The derived multiwavelength spectrum strongly suggests that a single electron energy distribution over a Lorentz factor gamma = 300 - 90000 is responsible for generating both the X-ray and radio emissions. The derived physical quantities are not only consistent with those reported for the West lobe, but are also in very good agreement with those reported for the East lobe.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures; accepted for publication in PASJ (Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan) Suzaku 3rd special issue: TYPOS in flux density unit were correcte

Pemodelan Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka Di Jawa Tengah Menggunakan Regresi Spline

Unemployment is one of the employment problems facing Indonesia. Central Java Province is one of the provinces with a high enough unemployment. The main indicators used to measure the unemployment rate in the labor force that is unemployed. Based on research Arianie (2012) labor force participation rate significantly affect the unemployment rate and based on research Sari (2012) the gross enrollment ratio significantly affects the rate of open unemployment. Therefore, in this study using the two predictor variables with the labor force participation rate as X1 and gross enrollment rate as X2. This study aimed to explore the model of open unemployment rate in the Province of Central Java. The method used is the method of spline regression. Spline regression has the ability to adapt more effectively to the data patterns up or down dramatically with the help of dots knots. Determination of the optimal point knots are very influential in determining the best spline models. The best spline models are models that have a minimum GCV (Generalized Cross Validation) Value. Best spline models for the analysis of the data rate of unemployment in Central Java Province is the spline regression model when order X1 is 2 and order X2 is 4 and large number of knots in the X1 is 1 knot at the point 68.02394 and X2 is 3 knots at the point 82.13, 87.19, and 87.65 with GCV value of 1.732746

Multiwavelength observation from radio through very-high-energy Gamma-ray of OJ 287 during the 12-year cycle flare in 2007

We performed simultaneous multiwavelength observations of OJ 287 with the Nobeyama Millimeter Array for radio, the KANATA telescope and the KVA telescope for optical, the Suzaku satellite for X-ray and the MAGIC telescope for very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray in 2007. The observations were conducted for a quiescent state in April and in a flaring state in November-December. We clearly observed increase of fluxes from radio to X-ray bands during the flaring state while MAGIC could not detect significant VHE gamma-ray emission from the source. We could derive an upper limit (95% confidence level) of 1.7% of the Crab Nebula flux above 150 GeV from about 41.2 hours of the MAGIC observation. A simple SSC model suggests that the observed flaring activity could be caused by evolutions in the distribution of the electron population rather than changes of the magnetic field strength or Doppler beaming factor in the jet.Comment: Contribution to the 31st ICRC, Lodz, Poland, July 200