The role of credit ratings on capital structure and its speed of adjustment: an international study

Using an international dataset, we examine the role of issuers’ credit ratings in explaining corporate leverage and the speed with which firms adjust toward their optimal level of leverage. We find that, in countries with a more market-oriented financial system, the impact of credit ratings on firms’ capital structure is more significant and that firms with a poorer credit rating adjust more rapidly. Furthermore, our results show some striking differences in the speed of adjusting capital structure between firms rated as speculative and investment grade, with the former adjusting much more rapidly. As hypothesized, those differences are statistically significant only for firms based in a more market-oriented economy

Políticas públicas y estrategias institucionales para el desarrollo e implementación de energías renovables en Argentina (2006-2016)

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las principales políticas de promoción para el desarrollo e adopción de las ER implementadas en Argentina en los últimos 10 años. Para ello se propone un abordaje teórico-metodológico socio-técnico que supere las visiones tradicionales estrictamente técnicas o económicas. Para ello se presentan, en primer lugar, la propuesta teóricometodológica analizar las políticas y estrategias institucionales impulsadas en Argentina para el desarrollo e implementación de ER. A continuación se presenta un resumen de las diferentes experiencias, proyectos y políticas en Argentina a escala nacional, provincial y nacional-provincial, y finalmente se concluye con algunas observaciones acerca del proceso de construcción de funcionamiento de las mismas.The aim of this paper is analyze the public policies to promote the development and adoption of renewable energies implemented in Argentina in the last 10 years. This requires a theoretical and methodological approach that overcomes traditional views strictly technical or economical. In this work we show, in first place, the theoretical and methodological proposal to analyze the policies and strategies driven in Argentina for the development and implementation of renewable energies. Secondly, a summary of different experiences, projects and policies in Argentina at the national, provincial and national-provincial level is presented, and finally we concludes with some observations about the working/no working construction processes.Tema 12: Aspectos socioculturales y socio-económicos de la transferencia de tecnología en energías renovables. Experiencias. Metodologías.Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanism

Políticas públicas y estrategias institucionales para el desarrollo e implementación de energías renovables en Argentina (2006-2016)

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las principales políticas de promoción para el desarrollo e adopción de las ER implementadas en Argentina en los últimos 10 años. Para ello se propone un abordaje teórico-metodológico socio-técnico que supere las visiones tradicionales estrictamente técnicas o económicas. Para ello se presentan, en primer lugar, la propuesta teóricometodológica analizar las políticas y estrategias institucionales impulsadas en Argentina para el desarrollo e implementación de ER. A continuación se presenta un resumen de las diferentes experiencias, proyectos y políticas en Argentina a escala nacional, provincial y nacional-provincial, y finalmente se concluye con algunas observaciones acerca del proceso de construcción de funcionamiento de las mismas.The aim of this paper is analyze the public policies to promote the development and adoption of renewable energies implemented in Argentina in the last 10 years. This requires a theoretical and methodological approach that overcomes traditional views strictly technical or economical. In this work we show, in first place, the theoretical and methodological proposal to analyze the policies and strategies driven in Argentina for the development and implementation of renewable energies. Secondly, a summary of different experiences, projects and policies in Argentina at the national, provincial and national-provincial level is presented, and finally we concludes with some observations about the working/no working construction processes.Tema 12: Aspectos socioculturales y socio-económicos de la transferencia de tecnología en energías renovables. Experiencias. Metodologías.Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanism

Neuregulin Promotes Incomplete Autophagy of Prostate Cancer Cells That Is Independent of mTOR Pathway Inhibition

Growth factors activating the ErbB receptors have been described in prostate tumors. The androgen dependent prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP, expresses the ErbB-1, ErbB-2 and ErbB-3 receptor tyrosine kinases. Previously, it was demonstrated that NRG activates ErbB-2/ErbB-3 heterodimers to induce LNCaP cell death, whereas, EGF activates ErbB-1/ErbB-1 or ErbB-1/ErbB-2 dimers to induce cell growth and survival. It was also demonstrated that PI3K inhibitors repressed this cell death suggesting that in androgen deprived LNCaP cells, NRG activates a PI3K-dependent pathway associated with cell death.In the present study we demonstrate that NRG induces autophagy in LNCaP cells, using LC3 as a marker. However, the autophagy induced by NRG may be incomplete since p62 levels elevate. We also demonstrated that NRG- induced autophagy is independent of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition since NRG induces Akt and S6K activation. Interestingly, inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by N-acetylcysteine (NAC), inhibited NRG-induced autophagy and cell death. Our study also identified JNK and Beclin 1 as important components in NRG-induced autophagy and cell death. NRG induced elevation in JNK phosphorylation that was inhibited by NAC. Moreover, inhibitor of JNK inhibited NRG-induced autophagy and cell death. Also, in cells overexpressing Bcl-2 or cells expressing sh-RNA against Beclin 1, the effects of NRG, namely induction of autophagy and cell death, were inhibited.Thus, in LNCaP cells, NRG-induces incomplete autophagy and cell death that depend on ROS levels. These effects of NRG are mediated by signaling pathway that activates JNK and Beclin 1, but is independent of mTOR inhibition