Effects Of Ceftriaxone On Haematological And Biochemical Parameters Of Turkey

Short-term effects of ceftriaxone on haematological and biochemical parameters of Nigerian local turkey poults were studied. The pre-treatment blood and serum samples were collected and the weight of animals taken before the administration of body weight for a period of 4 days. The animals were weighed daiy. The results showed that eosinophilia was significantly increased (P < 0.05) and total bilirubin deceased significantly (P < 005). Furthermore, there was significant decrease in chloride ion (P < 005) and increase in bicarbonate ion (P < 0.05). Oher indices o haematology, liver function test and electrolyte titration were normal (P < 0.05). Ceftriaxone caused eosinophilia in treated samples (2.2 +-0.45a) as compared to pre-treated samples (1.6 +- 0.89b). Total bilirubin in the post-administration samples (135 + 1.05a) was decreased in comparison with pre-administration samples (14.82 +- 0.72b). Chloride ion decreased in the treatedsampes (86.6 +- 8.11a) when compared with untreated samples (98.4 +- 2.88b). Bicarbonate ion increased (24.8 +- 1.79a) in the experimental samples when compared to control (24.4 +- 1.34b).Conclusively, the short term administraton of ceftriaxone may cause eosinophilia, hypobilirubinaemia, hypochloraemia and increased bcarbonate ion which may be positive response to hypochloraemia. Keywords: Haematology, Biochemical Parameters, Ceftriaxone, TurkeyAnimal Research International Vol. 3 (3) 2006 pp. 562-56

Evaluation Of In-Vitro Antimicrobial Activities And Phytochemical Constituents Of Cassia occidentalis

The research was carried out to evaluate the in-vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of Cassia occdentials. Cassia leaves were collected from Kacha town in Niger State and extracted using methano, hexane, chloroform and water extraction methods. Serial concentrations: 50 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 % methanol, hexane, chloroform and aqueous extracts were prepared and sterilized. The bacterial isolates used; E. coli, P. multocida, S. typhi, S. typhimurium, S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae and K. pneumoniae were authenticated using biochemical and serological methods. The suspenson (0.5) of each bacterial isolate was prepared in isotonic sodium chloride. The disc agar diffusion method was performed on 70 Mueller-Hinton agar pates, 10 per microorganism , using serial diffusion concentraton: 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000 mg o hexane, methanol, chloroform and water. The results showed that all the extracts of Cassia occidentalis have antimicrobial activity on E col at concentrations between 900 – 1000 mg. E. coli was most susceptible to hexane extract at concentration ranges between 500 – 1000 mg, there was no antimicrobial activity exhibited against the other tested microorganisms Phytochemical analyses showed the presence of alkaloid, tannin, saponin, glycoside and flavonoid, steroid was absent. Keywords: Evaluation, In-vitro, Antimicrobial activity, Phytochemical properties, Cassia occidentalisAnimal Research International Vol. 3 (3) 2006 pp. 566-56

Порівняння гематологічних та біохімічних показників собак при застосуванні вакцини (DHLPPi) та водного екстракту насіння Abrus precatori

Because of increasing incidence of resistance to infectious microorganisms, immunotherapy has been considered as an alternative/complementary to chemotherapy. More so Abrus precatorius leaf extract has been reported to have immunomodulatory effects in animals. In view of this, comparative haematology and biochemistry of cocktail vaccine (DHLPPi) and Abrus precatorius seed extract (APSE) was studied in rats. Sixteen (16) Nigerian local dogs of both sexes weighing 7.19 ± 0.46 kg, aged 15.44 ± 0.76 weeks old were divided into four groups of 4 each. Group 1, 2, 3 and 4 was administered 1 ml of normal saline (0.9%), APSE (2.72 mg/Kg), APSE (2.72 mg/Kg)+DHLPPi (1 ml) and DHLPPi (1 ml) respectively. Fourteen days after administration of the extract and vaccine, 3 ml of blood sample was collected from each of the dogs for haematology and serum biochemistry. The findings revealed significantly (P &lt; 0.05)decreased packed cell volume, haemoglobin, erythrocytes, neutrophils, leucocytes, platelets and increased monocytes, decreased total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the group administered extract and extract/vaccine. Hence, the extract and extract/DHLPPi vaccine can be used in prevention chronic viral infection of dogs.З давніх часів лікарські рослини використовувалися при лікуванні та за для контроля захворювань людини та тварин. Деякі рослини впливають на гематологічні та біохімічні показники сироватки крові. Також існують відомості що деякі сучасні противірусні препарати є неспецифічними для конкретних вірусів. Тому розробка нових економічно ефективних і специфічних противірусних схем є досить актуальним а також першочерговим завданням сучасних досліджень. Через зростання випадків стійкості до інфекційних мікроорганізмів, імунотерапія розглядається як альтернатива хіміотерапії. Більш того, екстракт листя Abrus precatori, як повідомляється, має імуномодулюючу дію у тварин. З огляду на це, нами були проведені дослідження на щурах по визначенню проведенню порівняльної гематологічної та біохімічної оцінки сироватки крові після застосування асоційованої вакцини (DHLPPi) та екстракту з насіння Abrus precatori (APSE). Також для дослідів використовували шістнадцять (16) нігерійських місцевих собак обох статей вагою 7,19 ± 0,46 кг, віком 15,44 ± 0,76 тижнів. Тварин було розділено на чотири групи по 4 у кожній. Групам 1, 2, 3 і 4 вводили відповідно 1мл фізіологічного розчину (0,9%), APSE (2,72 мг/кг), APSE (2,72 мг/кг) + DHLPPi (1 мл) та DHLPPi (1 мл) відповідно. Через чотирнадцять днів після введення екстракту та вакцини від кожної собаки відбирали 3 мл крові для дослідження гематологічних та біохімічних показників сироватки крові. В результаті проведених досліджень встановили що застосування вакцини та&nbsp; екстракту має високу єфективність у профілактиці вірусних захворювань собак. В дослідних группах де проводили комплексне застосування екстракту разом з DHLPPi єфективність профілактики вірусних захворювань набагато вище

Epizootiology of Infectious Diseases of Dog in Some States in Nigeria (2015–2018)

An epizootiology of infectious diseases/conditions of dog in some veterinary clinics from Benue, Plateau states and the Federal Capital Territory in Nigeria were assessed from 2015 to 2018. This study revealed about seventeen (17) infectious clinical cases/conditions from 1865 cases recorded within the period of four (4) years. These comprised of helminthoses (17.8%) having the highest prevalence followed by babesiosis (17.5%), parvovirosis (15.9%), ectoparasitism (11.3%), scepticemia (6.9%), Mange (5.7%), urinary tract infections (4.7%), canine distemper (4.2%), colitis (3.9%), myiasis (2.7%), trypanosomosis (2.1%), leptospirosis and transmissible venereal tumor (1.9%), respiratory infections (1.7%), otitis (1.0%) and orchitis (0.7%). Puppies (0–6 months old) 50.2% were mostly affected. Incidences of diseases were more in Alsatians (23.7%), Cross (22.9%), Nigerian indigenous breed (20.5%), Caucasian (9.6%) and Rottweiler (8.9%). More cases of vaccinated (68.7%) were recorded against the unvaccinated (31.3%) dogs while male (57.1%) dogs had a higher frequency of cases as compared with their female (42.9%) counterpart. Disease incidence was highest in dry season (54.3%) especially in the months of December (13.3%), January (11.1%) and February (10.6%).The highest frequency of disease incidence was recorded in 2015 (36.4%). Most the infectious clinical cases/conditions recorded from this study were preventable cases demanding veterinary care in order to prevent the risk of zoonosis

Toxicity studies of drugs and chemicals in animals: An overview

Toxicity study is the investigation of either short or long-term toxic effects of a drug or chemical on animals. The toxicity is dose-dependent as asserted by Paracelsus over 500 years ago. However, short-term toxic effect is determined using median lethal dose (LD50) first introduced by Trevan in 1927 and revised many times. Presently there is a growing preponderance of rejection of scientific papers on acute toxicity study, simply because of the belief that in the current hazard and safety as-sessment of drugs and chemicals, LD50 values are no longer used. In view of this, literature search was carried out with a view to investigating the relevance of LD50 in development and assessment of drugs and chemicals. The findings revealed that in the past, many animals had been used for LD50 determination. OECD has reduced the number of test animals to 5–15 and presently it is further re-duced to 2–6. Acute toxicity study is being carried out in medicinal plants research and in the study of patent medicine. Although the application of LD50 has been drastically reduced, it is still applied and accepted in some parts of the world. Moreover, animals on which LD50 tests are conducted, should be allowed to die to see the end effect of the test drug or chemical because euthanisia of test animals may mask some toxicity signs of the test agents. Therefore, toxicity study of drugs and chemicals is a sci-entific process necessary for discovery and development of drugs as well as identification of potential toxicants

Haematological And Biochemical Effects Of Sulphadimidine In Nigerian Mongrel Dog

Haematological and biochemical efects of sulphadmidine were studied in Nigerian mongrel dogs. Five Nigerian mongrel dogs of either sex weighing between 7 and 12 kg were used for the study. The pretreatment blood and serum samples were collected and the weight of animals taken before the administraton of 100 mg/kg body weight for a period of 7 days. The animals were weighed daily. The results showed that there was no significant difference between preadministraton and post administration weights (P>0.05) of dogs. Packed cell voume decreased significantly (P 0.05). The mean weight gain (8.8 ± 2.04 kga) of the animals before sulphadimidine administration was comparabe wth the weght gan (8.77 ± 0.89 kgb) of animals after the sulphadimidine administration. Sulphadimidine caused anaemia of moderate value (26.4 ±3.36%a) in the treated samples as compared to pretreated samples (46.4±6.27b). Total bilirubin (12.32 ±14&#956;mola) in pretreatment samples was decreased in comparison with treated (18.5 ±2.0 &#945;mol/lb) samples. Alkalne phosphatase was decreased in preadministration samples (114.2 ±5.7&#956;g/lb) as compared to post administration sampes (130 ±9.61 &#956;mol/la). Therefore longtime administration of sulphadimidine in anaemic mongrel dogs may aggravate anaemic condition. Sulphadimidine may increase renal excretion of bilirubin and decrease bone mineralization in mongrel dogs during bone formation. Keywords: Haematology, Biochemical effect, Sulphadimidine, Nigerian Mongrel, DogAnimal Research International Vol. 3 (2) 2006 pp. 457-46

Porównanie toksyczności dożołądkowego oraz dootrzewnowego podawania wodnych ekstraktów z liści modligroszka pospolitego (Abrus precatorious) w badaniach na myszach

Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, reducing sugar, total glycoside and saponin glycosides in high concentration. Proximate analysis revealed the presence of moisture (6.18%), dry matter (93.90%), crude protein (12.06%), crude fibre (15.33%), nitrogen free extract (34.12%), ash (12.28%) and oil (19.21%). Comparative toxicological assessment of orally and intraperitoneally administered aqueous extracts of Abrus precatorius leaf was carried out in Swiss albino mice. Median lethal doses (LD50) of orally and intraperitoneally administered aqueous extracts of Abrus precatorius leaf were estimated at dose levels of 2558.9 mg/kg and 638 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Intraperitoneal 10 mg/kg body weight of the extract caused increased packed cell volume, neutropenia and decreased aspartate aminotransferase. However, 50 mg/kg oral dose caused increased packed cell volume, neutropenia, decreased alkaline phosphatase and hypochloraemia, whereas oral aqueous dose of 250 mg/kg of body weight caused body weight gain, neutropenia, decreased asparatate aminotransferase and alanineaminotransferase. All the test doses caused lymphocytosis and hypercreatinaemia, hence aqueous extract of Abrus precatorius leaf is toxic at dose levels of 10, 50 and 250 mg/kg body weight.Analiza fitochemiczna wodnego wyciągu z liści Abrus precatorious wykazała obecność dużych ilości alkaloidów, saponin, tanin, cukrów redukujących, sumy glikozydów oraz glikozydów saponinowych. W dalszych analizach oznaczono: wilgotność (6,18%), suchą masę (93,90%) oraz zawartość białka (12,06%), włókna (15,33%), ekstraktu wolnego od azotu (34,12%), popiołu (12.28%), oleju (19,21%). Badanie toksyczności ekstraktu wodnego z liści Abrus precatorious podawanego dożołądkowo oraz dootrzewnowo przeprowadzono na myszach szczepu Swiss. LD50 dla dożołądkowego oraz dootrzewnowego podawania wodnego wyciągu z liści modligroszku pospolitego wynosiła odpowiednio 2558,9 mg/kg oraz 638 mg/kg masy ciała myszy. Dootrzewnowe podanie ekstraktu w ilości 10 mg/kg masy ciała myszy powodowało wzrost łącznej objętości elementów morfotycznych krwi (PCV), neutropenię oraz spadek poziomu aminotransferazy asparaginianowej. W przypadku dożołądkowego podania wyciągu w ilości 50 mg/kg m.c. myszy odnotowano spadek łącznej objętości elementów morfotycznych krwi (PCV), neutropenię, wzrost poziomu fosfatazy alkalicznej oraz hipochloremię. Natomiast dożołądkowa dawka wodnego wyciągu w ilości 250 mg/kg m.c. myszy spowodowała wzrost masy ciała, neutropenię, spadek poziomu aminotrasferazy asparaginianowej oraz alaninoaminotransferazy. Wszystkie badane dawki powodowały limfocytozę oraz hiperkreatynemię i z tego powodu należy uznać, że wodny wyciąg z liści Abrus precatorious jest toksyczny w dawkach 10, 50 oraz 250 mg/kg masy ciała myszy