Heat Transfer Enhancement in Vertical Channel for Two Phase Flow by using Compound Turbulater

الخليط من تدفق الماء والهواء (غاز – ماء) له العديد من التطبيقات في الصناعات الميكانيكية والكيمياوية و انظمة التسخين (المبادلات الحراريه والفتحات ),مجال الطاقة ,النفط,التبريد والتكيف.خصائص هذا الخليط (ماء – هواء) تم التحقق منه عمليا داخل قناة مستطيلة وضعت عموديا بواسطة استخدام لوحة مسخنة (معرقل مركب من الاضلاع وتجويف ) مع معدلات تدفق حجمية مختلفة من الماء والهواء وبثبوت الحرارة على  وحدة المساحة .ابعاد القناة المستطيلة (5×3×70 سم) .الهدف من هذه التجارب هو لبيان ظاهرة الجريان ثنائي الطور بوجود لوحة المسخنة (المعرقل المركب بثلاث اشكال ) ولمختلف معدلات التدفق من الماء والهواء .اربع قيم مختلفة لتدفق الماء (3,6,9,و12)لتر/دقيقة,ثلاث قيم مختلفة لتدفق  الهواء (8.33,16.67,و 25)لتر / دقيقة,و ثلاث قيم مختلفة من الطاقة الحرارية (109.65,150,و 235 واط) تم استخدامها.درجة حرارة الخليط تم قياسها في مواقع متعددة على طول القناة,و وتم تصور سلوك الخليط داخل القناة باستخدام كاميرا الفيديو.اظهرت النتائج بانه عند زيادة تدفق الماء والهواء الجريان يصبح مضطربا,وتتكون الدوامات حول اللوحة المسخنه ,درجة حرارة الخروج تقل ومعامل انتقال الحرارة سوف يزداد. المعرقل المركب مع موقع نسبي للتجويف = 0.55 له معدل اكبر في انتقال الحرارة , حيث ان النسبة المئوية للفرق عن  الانواع الاخرى   ( g/p = 0.73 و 0.37) كانت 4%  و  6% بالتعاقب ويرجع ذلك إلى حقيقة أن الخلط والسطح الكاسح في هذه الأنواع من مثيرات الاضطراب المركبة هي أكثر من الانواع الاخرى.The mixture of air-water (gas-water) flow has many applications in chemical and mechanical industries and heating systems (heat exchangers and manifolds), fields of energy, petroleum, refrigeration, and air conditioning. The characteristics of the mixture (water, air) have been investigated experimentally in a rectangular channel placed vertically by using internal heated plate (compound turbulater ribs and groove) with different volume flow rates of water and air, and constant heat flux. The dimensions of the rectangular channel are (5 × 3 × 70 cm). The aim of these experiments is to display the two-phase flow phenomenon with heated plate (three compound turbulater) for different water and air discharges. Four different values of water flow rate (3, 6, 9, and 12 l/min), three different values of air flow rate (8.33, 16.67, and 25 l/m), and three different values of heat power (109.65, 150, and 235 watts) have been used. The temperature of the mixture has been measured at several locations along the channel, and the behavior for the mixture inside the channel has been visualized by using video camera. The results showed that when water and air flow rate increases, flow becomes turbulent, vortices develops around the heated plate, the exit temperature decreases and local heat transfer coefficient increases. The compound turbulater with relative groove position (g/p)=0.55 had a higher rate of heat transfer ,where the percentage difference from other model (g/p = 0.73 and 0.37) were 4% and 6% , respectively due to the fact that the flow mixing and sweeping surface in these types of compound turbulater are more than others type

Water Recycling / Reuse in Factories Case Study Soft Drink Factory

The aim of the present work is to study water recycling and reuse in a soft drink Factory. Water is an essential raw material in the soft drink productions with a consumption of 2.5 to 3.5 liter of water per liter of soft drink. The wastewater generated in this industry is mainly from bottle washing, filler backwashing, washing of bottle machines, equipments, floors and pipe work during flavor changing. The major contaminants in this effluent are caustic soda and sucrose In order to reduce water consumption and volume of wastewater generated in the soft drink plant, Sulave private sector factory was chosen as a case study of the generated wastewater in the plant .The study was carried out between May till October 2010 for measuring and monitoring various pollutants of the generated wastewater in the plant. Two strategies had been proposed, in the first wastewater out of bottle washing machine and washing columns could be recycled to the units if treated by: Filtration- Adsorption-Reverse Osmosis system, this proposal reduced water consumption in the factory by about 35% and decreased wastewater effluents by 65% of total wastewater effluents. The second strategy was to reuse water out of the bottle washing machine after treating it by: Filtration-Adsorption system to be used in the washing column .The water consumption in this strategy was reduced by about 15% with a reduction of 35% in wastewater effluent

Solar Surgery Optical System Design

The sunlight is suggested to be used in solar surgery as an alternative to the laser surgery. The rays of powerful sunlight are collected, concentrated and transported to the operating theatre from outside through a system of optical fibers in order to use this solar energy in tumor and cancer cell evaporation instead of lasers. The idea of solar surgery is still new and need more practical and design enhancements. This study is a step on this way. A Schmidt Cassegrainien arrangement is suggested for this optical solar system design calculations. It consists of a parabolic dish to concentrate the solar radiation on a secondary flat mirror which directs the light into a fused silica optical fiber cable used to carry the concentrated solar beam from the concentrating system to the operation room.The parabolic reflector dish rim half angle was chosen to be 45o to realize high flux and high efficiency. MATLAB program (version 7.00) has been used to calculate the diameter of the primary parabolic dish, the diameter of the secondary flat mirror and its recession from the fiber tips by two design procedures. The first procedure of these calculations is based on starting with the choice of the optical fiber diameter, while the second design procedure is based on the choosing first the distal end diameter of the optical fiber.The calculations of the second procedure showed more practical results. As the most often used fiber distal diameter in surgery is 0.6mm, then according to calculations the diameter of the primary parabolic dish reflector will be 180mm with a focal length of 108.64mm. The small secondary mirror is perfectly flat of 10.5mm in diameter and its recession from the fiber tip is 5.27mm. Another MATLAB program has been written to find the suitable numerical aperture for the optical fiber of the concentrator system to reach maximum efficiency of the system. It was found to be 0.7 theoretically. The nearest available value of NA for fused silica fiber was 0.66. Fused silica optical fiber of 1mm for core diameter was chosen because of its ability to withstand the high degree of temperature. It is found that this optical system could deliver a flux density as high as 73Wmm-2 for contact surgery and 32Wmm-2 for noncontact surgery

Effect of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and Tissue Plasminogen Activator Polymorphisms on Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes in Malaysian Subjects

Elevated activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and decreased tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) activity are considered to be important risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the PAI-1 4G/5G and tPA Alu-repeat I/D polymorphisms with T2DM in Malaysian subjects. Serum insulin, coronary risk panel, plasma glucose, and PAI-1 4G/5G and tPA Alu-repeat I/D polymorphisms were studied in 303 T2DM subjects (227 with MetS and 76 without MetS) and 131 normal subjects without diabetes and MetS. Statistical analysis showed that the dominant and additive models of PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism showed a weak association with T2DM without MetS (OR = 2.35, P = 0.045; OR = 1.67, P = 0.058). On the other hand, the recessive model of the tPA Alu-repeat I/D polymorphism showed an association with T2DM with MetS (OR = 3.32, P = 0.013) whereas the dominant and additive models of the tPA Alu-repeat I/D polymorphism were not associated with T2DM either with or without MetS

Association of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue plasminogen activator with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in Malaysian subjects

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Increased plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity and decreased tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) activity could be considered a true component of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and fibrinolytic abnormalities. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of tPA and its inhibitor PAI-1 with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and MetS and interrelationship between PAI-1and tPA activities and antigens in Malaysian T2D and normal subjects.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The plasma activities and antigens of PAI-1 and tPA and the levels of the tPA/PAI-1 complex as well as serum insulin, parameter of the coronary risk panel and plasma glucose at fasting state were studied in 303 T2D subjects (227 with MetS and 76 without MetS), 131 normal non-diabetic non-metabolic subjects and 101 non-diabetic MetS subjects.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The PAI-1 activity was higher in subjects with T2D with MetS (P = 9.8 × 10^-19) and non-diabetic subjects with MetS (P = 3.0 × 10^-15), whereas the tPA activity was lower in T2D with MetS (P = 0.003) as compare to normal subjects. Plasma tPA antigen levels were higher in subjects with T2D with MetS (P = 8.9 × 10^-24), T2D without MetS (P = 1.3 × 10^-13) and non-diabetic MetS subjects (P = 0.002). The activity and antigen of PAI-1 in normal subjects were related to insulin resistance (P = 2.2 × 10^-4; 0.007). Additionally, the PAI-1 activity was associated with an increased waist circumference (P = 2.2 × 10^-4) and decreased HDL-c (P = 0.005), whereas the tPA activity was associated with decreased FBG (P = 0.028). The highest correlation was between PAI-1 activity and its antigen (R²= 0.695, P = 1.1 × 10^-36) in diabetic subjects. The tPA activity negatively correlated with its antigen (R²= -0.444, P = 7.7 × 10^-13) in normal subjects and with the PAI-1 activity and antigen (R²= -0.319, P = 9.9 × 10^-12; R2 = -0.228, P = 3.4 × 10^-6) in diabetic subjects.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>PAI-1 and tPA activities and antigens were associated with diabetes and MetS parameters in Malaysian subjects.</p

Outcome of tracheostomy after pediatric cardiac surgery

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the incidence, timing indications and outcome of tracheotomy in children who underwent cardiac surgeries.MethodsAll pediatric cardiac patients (under 14years of age) who underwent cardiac surgeries and required tracheotomy from November 2000 to November 2010 were reviewed. The data were collected and reviewed retrospectively.ResultsSixteen children underwent tracheotomy after cardiac surgery. Fifteen of these cases had surgery for congenital heart disease, and one had surgery for an acquired rheumatic mitral valve disease. The mean±SEMs of the durations of ventilation before and after tracheotomy were 60.4±9.8 and 14.5±4.79days respectively (P value 0.0002). The means±SEM of the lengths of ICU stay before and after tracheotomy were 63.31±10.15 and 22±5.4days respectively (P value 0.0012). After the tracheotomy 12/16 patients (75%) were weaned from their ventilators and 10/16 were discharged from the PCICU. Six patients were discharged from the hospital and 3 were successfully decannulated. The overall survival rate was 9/16 (56%).ConclusionTracheostomy shortens the duration of mechanical ventilation and facilitates discharge from the ICU. The mortality of tracheotomy patients is still significant but is mainly related to the primary cardiac disease

Genetic diversity of Ardi goat based on microsatellite analysis

The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability of Ardi goats found in the central regions of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia using 14 microsatellite markers. Allelic richness was considerably high in this population indicating high genetic polymorphism as expected heterozygozity was 0.675. Furthermore, the population showed deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in seven loci. Mean polymorphic information content value was found to be 0.553. Inbreeding coefficient was 0.183 suggesting moderate level of inbreeding. There was also no-significant heterozygote excess on basis of different models of infinite allele. These tests along with the mode-shift test of Ardi goat indicated no bottleneck recently. Thus, it can be recommended that the Ardi genetic variability should be maintained for its unique genetic resources, and there is a scope for further improvement in productivity through an appropriate management and breeding program. In general, results of this study can be used to establish a base of national conservation strategy of Ardi goat population in Saudi Arabia.Key words: Ardi goat, genetic diversity, microsatellite markers, inbreeding, bottleneck

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism is associated with metabolic syndrome parameters in Malaysian subjects

The plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G and tissue plasminogen activator Alu-repeat insertion/deletion polymorphisms might be genetic determinations of increased or decreased of their plasma activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G and tissue plasminogen activator Alu-repeat I/D polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome parameters in normal Malaysian subjects and to assess the impact of these polymorphisms on their plasma activities and antigens. The genetic polymorphisms were genotyped in 130 normal subjects. In addition, the plasma activities and antigens of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue plasminogen activator as well as levels of insulin, glucose, and lipid profile at fasting state were investigated. The subjects with homozygous 4G/4G showed association with an increased triglyceride (p = 0.007), body mass index (p = 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.03). In addition, the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism modulates plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity and antigen and tissue plasminogen activator activity (p = 0.002, 0.014, 0.003) respectively. These results showed that, the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism is associated with metabolic syndrome parameters, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue plasminogen activator activities in Malaysian subjects, and may serve to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in Malaysian subjects

Inhibitory activity of benzo[h]quinoline and benzo[h]chromene in human glioblastoma cells

Purpose: To carry out a neat synthesis of 2-amino-5,6-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-phenylbenzo[h]quinoline-3- carbonitrile (compound 2) and 2-amino-5,6-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-phenyl-4H-benzo[h]chromene-3- carbonitrile (compound 3) and evaluate their cytotoxic activity in human glioblastoma cells.Methods: Benzo[h]quinoline and benzo[h]chromene were synthesized by treating 6-methoxy-1- tetralone with benzylidenemalononitrile under microwave irradiation. The structures of compounds 2 and 3 were confirmed by elemental, spectral, and x-ray crystallographic analyses. The cytotoxic activity of compounds 2 and 3 was evaluated using WST-1 assay in U373 human glioblastoma cell line.Results: The molecular structures of compounds 2 and 3 were demonstrated unambiguously from single crystal x-ray measurements and they crystallized in triclinic form, P-1, for both compounds. In vitro cytotoxic activity data for compound 2 in human glioblastoma cell line (U373) indicate that no significant cytotoxicity was observed. On the other hand, compound 3 showed highly significant cytotoxic effects on U373 cells at concentrations starting from 0.1 μg/ mL.Conclusion: Compound 3 produces a decrease in cell viability with approximately 80 % cell death while compound 2 did not indicate significant cytotoxic activity. This suggests that the chromene moiety of compound 3 may be responsible for its high cytotoxicity.Keywords: Hydronaphthaline, Benzo[h]quinolone, Benzo[h]chromene, X-ray crystallography, U373 human glioblastoma, Cytotoxicity, Chromene moiet