Radiation studies from meteorological satellites

Earth albedo variability and outgoing infrared radiation - data from TIROS satellite

Evolution of the earth's atmosphere

Evolution of earth atmosphere from volcanic gases to present compositio

The atmospheres of mars, venus and jupiter

Planetary atmosphere composition, temperature, and pressure of Mars, Venus, and Jupite

Results of the Mariner 6 and 7 Mars occultation experiments

Final profiles of temperature, pressure, and electron density on Mars were obtained for the Mariner 6 and 7 entry and exit cases, and results are presented for both the lower atmosphere and ionosphere. The results of an analysis of the systematic and formal errors introduced at each stage of the data-reduction process are also included. At all four occulation points, the lapse rate of temperature was subdadiabatic up to altitudes in excess of 20 km. A pronounced temperature inversion was present above the surface at the Mariner 6 exit point. All four profiles exhibit a sharp, superadiabatic drop in temperature at high altitudes, with temperatures falling below the frost point of CO2. These results give a strong indication of frozen CO2 in the middle atmosphere of Mars

ISOLATION OF EGG DROP SYNDROME VIRUS AND ITS MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION USING SODIUM DODECYL SULPHATE POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

Six isolates of egg drop syndrome (EDS) virus were recovered from five different outbreaks of EDS in commercial laying hens in and around Faisalabad. The aberrant eggs were fed to the susceptible laying hens for experimental induction of infection. The samples from infected birds (egg washing, cloacal swabs, oviducts and spleens) were collected, processed and inoculated into 11-day old duck embryos. The presence of virus in harvested allanto-amniotic fluid was monitored by spot and microhaemagglutination tests and confirmed by haemagglutination inhibition and agar gel precipitation tests. The EDS virus grew well in duck embryos and agglutinated only avian but not mammalian red blood cells. These isolates were purified through velocity density gradient centrifugation. Protein concentration was determined through Lowry method and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was conducted by loading 300 µg protein concentration on 12.5% gel using discontinuous buffer system. All the six isolates showed 13 polypeptides, which were identical to those described in the referral EDS-76 virus (strain-127). The molecular weights of the polypeptides ranged from 6.5 KDa to 126 KDa

Temperature Impact in Electromagnetic Non-Invasive Water/Oil/Gas Multiphase Real Time Monitoring

The measurement of the reflected S-parameter (S11) for multiphase (liquid-liquid-gas) 10-60% water, 70-20% oil and 20% gas (air) in volume are monitored using an electromagnetic microwave resonation method at a frequency range of 1-6 GHz. The measurements were examined at variable temperature ranges from 5-60 oC that were stepped by 5 oC. Clear shifts are observed in three resonant peaks of the S-parameter measurements as a volume fraction of mixture constituents. These are changed by 10% per step. The two frequency type (horizontal) S11 shifts take place at main (4 GHz frequency) and around 5 GHz frequency resonant peaks and one power type (vertical) shift at 5.45 GHz frequency resonant peak. When the temperature is held constant, the S11 values for all resonant peaks increase as WVF (water volume fraction) in the mixture increases. When WVF is held constant, the values of S11 increase as the temperature increases for around 5 GHz, 5.45 GHz frequency peaks and decreases for main peak. The results are validated by HFSS simulation executed for all tested volume fractions at 5 and 60 oC. For verification, a complete simulation is carried out at 40-40-20 percent of water-oil-gas and compared with experimental results at 5 oC intervals from 5-60 oC. The experimental results agreed well with theoretical predictions that simulated the HFSS software package with a maximum error of 1.91% for 5 oC mixtures and 1.13% for 60 oC mixtures at the main peak and 5.4% for 5 oC mixtures and 6.01% for 60 oC mixtures at 5.45 GHz peak. The study shows that the S11 measurements can be used as a dependent method to specify both the phase fraction of the multiphase mixture as well as its salinity and temperature

Theoretical rationalisation for the mechanism of N-heterocyclic carbene-halide reductive elimination at CuIII, AgIII and AuIII

Reductive elimination of imidazolium salts from CuIII is extremely sensitive to the anionic ligand (X or Y) type on Cu (e.g. ΔG‡ ranges from 4.7 kcal mol-1 to 31.8 kcal mol-1, from chloride to benzyl). Weakly σ-donating ligands dramatically accelerate reductive elimination. Comparison with Ag/Au shows that the HOMO energy, strength of M-NHC and M-Y bonds and inherent stability of MIII with respect to MI are critical to governing reaction feasibility

PREPARATION OF CONJUGATE FOR USE IN AN ELISA FOR HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE AGAINST EGG DROP SYNDROME VIRUS IN LAYER CHICKS

An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed for the detection of antibodies against Egg Drop Syndrome (EDS) virus. Virus identification was done through haemaggluti- nation inhibition (HI) test using known antisera. Antichicken immunoglobulins were raised in goats and purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation technique. These goat-antichicken immunoglobulins were conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. Twenty-seven serum samples were collected from a layers flock vaccinated against EDS and specific antibodies were determined by using a horseradish conjugate

Helping abused women access a protection order: the role of religious, traditional and community leaders

Abstract: Religious,2 traditional and community leaders (RTCL) have an important role to play in the social protection of women who disclose abuse. If abused women disclose abuse to RTCL, their actions on the one hand, could either prevent further abuse and femicide; as well as protect children exposed to domestic violence. Or on the other hand, if they do not respond appropriately at critical moments of disclosure, they allow abuse to continue by not assisting survivors. This article aims to assist RTCLs, and other potential systems of support, utilize the legislation to assist survivors of domestic violence. The landmark Domestic Violence Act (116 of 1998) is the result of extensive advocacy and lobbying by women’s groups to locate gender based violence firmly in the public domain. It provides one very important avenue that can be utilized by RTCLs to help abused women access their human rights, by employing the law. This article provides an outline of process and the details of the legal remedy available to survivors of abuse provided by the DVA. It is however important to remember, that whilst it is imperative for RTCLs to understand how to assist survivors utilizing the DVA to obtain protection this must be accompanied by a package of other services, since it is not effective as a standalone instrument

Animated cartoon : a pedagogy for the reinforcement of a particular world view in child viewers.

The purpose of the study is to examine the ramifications of television programming as it applies to animated cartoon heroes as a vehicle in the perpetuation of a particular world view. Specifically, the study examines the degree of significance in the relationship between African American child viewers and an African American hero, and the relationship between African American child viewers and a European American hero as it relates to literature on children and television. The study includes African American children from two Western Massachusetts school systems. The participants were selected on the basis of: (1) being African American; (2) interest in the study; and (3) being between the ages of 8 and 13 years. The method used for collecting the data was a Likert Attitude Scale designed specifically for the study. Participants were shown two posters and were asked to make selections on the Likert Scale based on their observations. Frequency distributions were used to analyze the findings. Conclusions drawn from the study were (1) rejection of the null hypothesis in the area of a significant relationship between African American child viewers and a European American hero; and (2) acceptance of the null hypothesis in the area of a significant relationship between African American child viewers and an African American hero