The relation between SAR and the electromagnetic field distribution for heterogeneous exposure conditions

C

Morphometric and molecular analysis of a pink-berried mutant within the population of grape cultivar 'Plavac mali'

This study reports characteristics of pink-berried mutants found in the clone population of the Croatian red wine cultivar 'Plavac mali' on the basis of comparative ampelographic and DNA marker (SSR and Gret1) analysis. The pink-berried accession, also called 'Plavac mali sivi' (Croatian: sivi = English: grey or French: gris), along with the other 58 'Plavac mali' accessions of standard blue-black berry skin color, has been characterized for the first time using OIV descriptors and molecular markers. Using a set of 9 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, an identical SSR profile for all the analyzed accessions was revealed, indicating their monozygotic status. The analysis of Gret1 insertion within the VvMYBA1 locus revealed no DNA polymorphism responsible for the pink-berried phenotype. Surface color of the berry skin was measured with the CIELab technique using a reflectance spectrophotometer at full ripeness. The results of colorimetric variables (L*, a* and b*) suggest a significantly lower accumulation of anthocyanins in the pink-berried accession compared to the standard blue-black berries. The pink-berried accession shares all assessed morphological and genetic traits of 'Plavac mali', with the only difference being the color of the berry skin. This suggests that the pinkberried genotype is the result of a spontaneous mutation of a standard 'Plavac mali' genotype

Analysis of phyllometric parameters efficiency in discrimination of Croatian native V. vinifera cultivars

The aims of this study were to achieve correct cultivar classification of leaf samples by using phyllometric parameters to determine the performance of parameters applied as the discriminant criteria and to determine the minimal number of leaf parameters needed to accurately classify leaf samples within cultivars. Seventy-nine phyllometric parameters were measured/calculated on 360 leaf samples from eleven grapevine cultivars, gathered during several years, from different growing conditions and with some differences in the sampling methods applied. Stepwise discriminant analysis was used to rank the phyllometric parameters according to their efficiency in the discrimination of cultivars. A series of discriminant analyses was performed with successive introduction of new parameters as discriminatory elements until 100 % correct classification of leaf samples into the correct cultivar was achieved. This was achieved using only the seven highest ranking phyllometric parameters from the stepwise discriminant analysis. Additionally, canonical discriminant analysis was performed to evaluate the differences between cultivars in the same parameters. This study represents a model for analysis of the efficiency of different ampelometric parameters for discrimination of V. vinifera cultivars.

Validity-Guided Synthesis of Reactive Systems from Assume-Guarantee Contracts

Automated synthesis of reactive systems from specifications has been a topic of research for decades. Recently, a variety of approaches have been proposed to extend synthesis of reactive systems from proposi- tional specifications towards specifications over rich theories. We propose a novel, completely automated approach to program synthesis which reduces the problem to deciding the validity of a set of forall-exists formulas. In spirit of IC3 / PDR, our problem space is recursively refined by blocking out regions of unsafe states, aiming to discover a fixpoint that describes safe reactions. If such a fixpoint is found, we construct a witness that is directly translated into an implementation. We implemented the algorithm on top of the JKind model checker, and exercised it against contracts written using the Lustre specification language. Experimental results show how the new algorithm outperforms JKinds already existing synthesis procedure based on k-induction and addresses soundness issues in the k-inductive approach with respect to unrealizable results.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures, 2 table

Cryopreservation and cryotherapy of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

This study aimed at testing the efficiency of a droplet-vitrification cryopreservation protocol in eliminating selected grapevine viruses. The cryopreservation protocol led to approximately 50 % recovery with cultivar 'Portan' and five international cultivars tested, but very low recovery was noted with Croatian cultivars. GFLV and GLRaV-3, two (economically important grapevine) viruses were eliminated in a high percentage (up to 100 %) of plants regenerated from cryopreserved shoot tips. Virus sanitation was observed as well in samples before liquid nitrogen exposure. Genetic stability of plants regenerated after cryopreservation was studied using AFLP markers. Polymorphic fragments were observed in non-cryopreserved and cryopreserved samples treated with PVS2 solution, the number of which increased with increasing durations of exposure to PVS2 solution

Ampelographic and genetic characterization of Croatian grapevine varieties

Before the Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) crisis in Croatia more than 400 grape varieties were under cultivation. Today their number is drastically decreased. Recently, many efforts in the preservation of grapevine biodiversity were undertaken: detailed inventory of varieties in different wine-growing regions, establishing of national and regional collections and their systematic ampelographic and genetic characterisation. This paper shows results of multiannual ampelographic and genetic research concerning Croatian grapevines considered as autochthonous varieties. After identification, many synonyms and homonyms were detected and unique genotypes were selected. Basic data of them are shown: description (according to OIV descriptors) and genetic profiles (9 SSR loci), growing area and status of vulnerability. Also, genetic relationship based on the shared allele distance is computed from SSR data. Results show certain level of similarity among varieties, and classify Croatia as important gene-pool in Europe. Some additional accessions which were detected and introduced into collections recently are still being investigated and characterized so that the here presented list of Croatian native grapevine cultivars is not final

PUGeo-Net: A Geometry-centric Network for 3D Point Cloud Upsampling

This paper addresses the problem of generating uniform dense point clouds to describe the underlying geometric structures from given sparse point clouds. Due to the irregular and unordered nature, point cloud densification as a generative task is challenging. To tackle the challenge, we propose a novel deep neural network based method, called PUGeo-Net, that learns a $3\times 3$ linear transformation matrix $\bf T$ for each input point. Matrix $\mathbf T$ approximates the augmented Jacobian matrix of a local parameterization and builds a one-to-one correspondence between the 2D parametric domain and the 3D tangent plane so that we can lift the adaptively distributed 2D samples (which are also learned from data) to 3D space. After that, we project the samples to the curved surface by computing a displacement along the normal of the tangent plane. PUGeo-Net is fundamentally different from the existing deep learning methods that are largely motivated by the image super-resolution techniques and generate new points in the abstract feature space. Thanks to its geometry-centric nature, PUGeo-Net works well for both CAD models with sharp features and scanned models with rich geometric details. Moreover, PUGeo-Net can compute the normal for the original and generated points, which is highly desired by the surface reconstruction algorithms. Computational results show that PUGeo-Net, the first neural network that can jointly generate vertex coordinates and normals, consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art in terms of accuracy and efficiency for upsampling factor $4\sim 16$.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figure

Molecular characterization of old local grapevine varieties from South East European countries

South East European (SEE) viticulture partially relies on native grapevine varieties, previously scarcely described. In order to characterize old local grapevine varieties and assess the level of synonymy and genetic diversity from SEE countries, we described and genotyped 122 accessions from Albania, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), Croatia, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Republika Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Romania on nine most commonly used microsatellite loci. As a result of the study a total of 86 different genotypes were identified. All loci were very polymorphic and a total of 96 alleles were detected, ranging from 8 to 14 alleles per locus, with an average allele number of 10.67. Overall observed heterozygosity was 0.759 and slightly lower than expected (0.789) while gene diversity per locus varied between 0.600 (VVMD27) and 0.906 (VVMD28). Eleven cases of synonymy and three of homonymy have been recorded for samples harvested from different countries. Cultivars with identical genotypes were mostly detected between neighboring countries. No clear differentiation between countries was detected although several specific alleles were detected. The integration of the obtained genetic data with ampelographic ones is very important for accurate identification of the SEE cultivars and provides a significant tool in cultivar preservation and utilization.