Les Fractures De La Patella Chez L’adulte

Objectives: to determine the epidemiological aspects, the different techniques of surgical fixation of the patella fractures and the results. Patients and methods: this was a retrospective study from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2017 and included the records of patients aged 15 years and older surgically treated for a patella fracture in our center. Results: The work involved 36 patients including 28 men (77.8%) and 8 women (22.2%) with a mean age of 35.9 years. High way trauma were the first cause of these fractures. Fractures were open in 44.4% of cases. Type II according to Ricard and Moulay classification was the most represented with 58.3% of cases. The majority of the patients, 80.5%, were treated by rigging. Five (5) cases of hematoma, one (1) postoperative infection, and three (3) cases of knee stiffness complicated the short- and medium-term follow-up. With an average follow-up of 2 years 6 months, radiologically, normal consolidation was achieved in 86.1% of cases. Two (2) cases of delayed consolidation and three (3) cases of nonunion have been noted. Three (3) cases of patellofemoral osteoarthritis appeared at two years. From the functional point of view, according to the Bosman score, 27.8% were excellent, 63.9% were good, 8.3% were bad, and the cable rigging seemed to give excellent and good results. Conclusion: the treatment of transverse fractures of the patella must be exclusively surgical. Guying is an osteosynthesis technique of choice. Nevertheless complications including knee stiffness, non-union and patellofemoral osteoarthritis are not uncommo

Métodos y progreso de la conservación de los recursos genéticos de los olmos en Europa

The progress made in the conservation of European elm genetic resources since the 1st International Elm Conference is reviewed, and the complementarity of in situ and ex situ methods is discussed. The financial support of the European Union to RESGEN project CT96-78 has permitted to co-ordinate and rationalize the ex situ conservation of elms. The project, which involved 17 partner institutes in nine west European countries, aimed at a better evaluation, conservation and utilisation of the existing collections of native elm clones. Main achievements are: establishing a common database of about 2,000 clones; characterizing over 500 clones through RAPDs and chloroplast DNA PCR-RFLPs molecular markers; completing and rationalizing the existing collections; establishing a long-term core collection of 850 clones; cryo-preserving a subset of 444 clones; and identifying clones of interest for breeding and prudent use in the reconstruction of countryside hedges. The «Noble Hardwoods» network of the pan-European programme EUFORGEN groups members representative of 31 countries, and promotes the dynamic conservation of the genetic resources of several genera of broadleaf forest trees, including Ulmus spp. Strategies for the conservation of the adaptive potential of elm resources were defined and will be disseminated among foresters and conservationists through «Guidelines» leaflets. Some countries have already started implementing conservation measures for U. laevis, associating in situ preservation and the establishment of seed orchards. Others are undertaking inventories, or acquiring genetic knowledge on target populations.Se discute el progreso realizado en la conservación de los olmos europeos desde la primera conferencia Internacional del Olmo y los métodos complementarios de conservación in situ y ex situ. El apoyo financiero de la Unión Europea al proyecto RESGEN CT96-78 ha permitido coordinar y racionalizar la conservación ex situ de los olmos. El proyecto, en el cual están involucrados 17 instituciones participantes en nueve países de Europa Occidental, tiene por objetivo una mejor evaluación, conservación y utilización de las colecciones actualmente existentes de clones nativos de olmo. Los principales logros son: el establecimiento de una base de datos común de aproximadamente 2.000 clones; la caracterización de más de 500 clones usando RAPD y marcadores moleculares PCR-RFLP de ADN cloroplástico; la finalización y racionalización de las colecciones existentes; el establecimiento a largo plazo de una colección central con 850 clones; la criopreservación de un conjunto de 444 clones; y la identificación de clones de interés para la mejora y para su uso en la restauración de setos en campo. La red «Noble Hardwoods» del programa pan-europeo EUFORGEN agrupa a miembros representantes de 31 países, y promueve la conservación dinámica de los recursos genéticos de varios géneros de árboles planifolios, incluido Ulmus spp.. Las estrategias para la conservación del potencial adaptativo de los recursos de los olmos se definieron y se dieron a conocer entre forestales y conservacionistas a través de folletos guía. Algunos países han comenzado ya a implementar medidas de conservación para U. laevis mediante el uso de la preservación in situ y el establecimiento de huertos semilleros. Otros están elaborando inventarios, o adquiriendo información genética de poblaciones de interés

Rapid detection of Fusarium circinatum propagules on trapped pine beetles

Pitch canker is a destructive disease of pine caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum. This taxon is listed as a quarantine fungus for several regional plant protection organizations throughout the world. Whereas long-distance spread of the disease is made possible through the trade of infected pine seeds, local spread is caused by aerial dispersion or insect transportation of the fungal conidia. Developing a reliable and efficient tool to detect of F. circinatum in insects would be very useful to monitor the local spread of the pathogen. This tool would also provide the means to assess the range of insect species that could serve as potential vector of the fungus. A DNA extraction protocol was optimized and combined with a real-time PCR test to detect F. circinatum on pine beetles. Using artificially contaminated Ips sexdentatus, it was shown that the test was able to detect down to 10 F. circinatum conidia per individual, and 20 conidia per batch of 10 insects, which is below the lowest inoculum load occurring in nature. With this technique, several batches of up to 10 insects may be analysed simultaneously, with a timescale for analysis reduced to <5 h and without the need for expertise in Fusarium taxonomy. This tool may be useful to monitor potential spread of the pathogen across regions. Using this method, to date, despite F. circinatum foci occurred in Northern Spanish regions across the border in France, the pathogen was not found on I. sexdentatus

Drought effects on damage by forest insects and pathogens: A meta-analysis

In the context of climate change, the effects of prolonged or more severe droughts on pest and pathogen damage are a major concern for forest ecosystems. To date, there is great uncertainty about the direction, magnitude and sources of variation in responses to drought by insects and fungi. We report the outcomes of a meta-analysis of 100 pairwise comparisons of insect pest or pathogen damage to water-stressed and control trees from 40 publications. The type of feeding substrate for insects and fungi and the water stress severity emerged as the main factors influencing the level of damage in water-stressed trees. Overall, primary damaging agents living in wood caused significantly lower damage to the water-stressed trees compared with the control, whereas primary pests and pathogens living on foliage caused more damage to water-stressed trees, in all cases irrespective of stress severity. In contrast, damage by secondary agents increased with stress severity, which was best estimated by the ratio between the predawn leaf water potential in stressed trees and the xylem pressure inducing 50% loss in hydraulic conductance due to cavitation, a species-specific index of drought tolerance. Insect and fungus feeding behaviour, affected tree part, and water stress severity are therefore proposed as three important predictors of forest damage in drought conditions. \ua9 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd