The INPE handouts to the 6th LANDSAT Technical Working Group (LTWG) Meeting

LANDSAT receiving and processing system in its present configuration and status are described, as well as the experience already obtained with LANDSATs 4 and 5. The revised table of station plans for TM reception and products and of implementation schedule for data formats employing superstructure conventions is updated. Standardization of the worldwide reference systems is proposed. The INPE preliminary TM products price list is included. A TM image received and processed is shown to illustrate the appearance of the products offered

The Brazilian report to the 7th LANDSAT Technical Working Group (LTWG) meeting

Described is the current status of the INPE LANDSAT receiving and processing facilities, as well as the experience in the related activities during the period from June 1984 to February 1985

Sampling system for wheat (Triticum aestivum L) area estimation using digital LANDSAT MSS data and aerial photographs

A procedure to estimate wheat (Triticum aestivum L) area using sampling technique based on aerial photographs and digital LANDSAT MSS data is developed. Aerial photographs covering 720 square km are visually analyzed. To estimate wheat area, a regression approach is applied using different sample sizes and various sampling units. As the size of sampling unit decreased, the percentage of sampled area required to obtain similar estimation performance also decreased. The lowest percentage of the area sampled for wheat estimation with relatively high precision and accuracy through regression estimation is 13.90% using 10 square km as the sampling unit. Wheat area estimation using only aerial photographs is less precise and accurate than those obtained by regression estimation

Remote Sensing techniques used to characterize soil erosion in southwestern Sao Paulo state

Within randomly sampled squares of a 1 km x 1 km grid, rill/gullies frequency, land cover/land use type and shape of the slopes were extracted from aerial photographs of the Ribeirao Anhumas drainage basin. Mean slope gradient, stream frequency and slope length were calculated on topographic maps. Ground truth data on fine sand/coarse sand ratio and vegetation cover densities were obtained. The MSS-LANDSAT-2 data (CCTs) were analyzed using single-cell, cluster synthesis and slicer algorithms. Graphical and statistical analyses of the data indicate that different slope gradients and land cover/land use types are the most significant factors related to the soil erosion process. The digital analysis of MSS data allowed the association among gray level classes and vegetation cover classes, which defined seven classes. These gray level classes and slope gradient classes were used to rank erosion risk

Regulation of hippocampal progenitor cell survival, proliferation and dendritic development by BDNF

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Environmental enrichment (EE) is known to enhance BDNF levels and neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. To examine the role of BDNF in modulating EE-mediated adult hippocampal neurogenesis, we conditionally ablated <it>BDNF </it>expression in the hippocampus (cKO mice) and have assessed proliferation, survival, differentiation and dendritic development of hippocampal progenitors.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We show that while the extent of cell proliferation and neuronal fate differentiation in the hippocampus of cKO mice is not different from wild-type (WT) littermates maintained in either standard or enriched conditions, reduced BDNF levels significantly impaired the survival of newborn cells in both housing conditions. In addition, while highly active enriched WT mice exhibited a robust increase in progenitor cell proliferation, highly active cKO mice showed a modest increase in cell proliferation compared to standard housed or underactive cKO mice.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>There results argue that while BDNF plays a role in exercise-induced cell proliferation, other factors must contribute to this phenomenon. We also show that dendritic development was impaired in cKO mice maintained in standard housing conditions, and that EE rescued this phenotype.</p

Streptozotocin-induced mechanical hypernociception is not dependent on hyperglycemia

Since streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes is a widely used model of painful diabetic neuropathy, the aim of the present study was to design a rational protocol to investigate whether the development of mechanical hypernociception induced by STZ depends exclusively on hyperglycemia. Male Wistar rats (180-200 g; N = 6-7 per group) received a single intravenous injection of STZ at three different doses (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg). Only the higher dose (40 mg/kg) induced a significant increase in blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance and deficiency in weight gain. However, all STZ-treated rats (hyperglycemic or not) developed persistent (for at least 20 days) and indistinguishable bilateral mechanical hypernociception that was not prevented by daily insulin treatment (2 IU twice a day, sc). Systemic morphine (2 mg/kg) but not local (intraplantar) morphine treatment (8 µg/paw) significantly inhibited the mechanical hypernociception induced by STZ (10 or 40 mg/kg). In addition, intraplantar injection of STZ at doses that did not cause hyperglycemia (30, 100 or 300 µg/paw) induced ipsilateral mechanical hypernociception for at least 8 h that was inhibited by local and systemic morphine treatment (8 µg/paw or 2 mg/kg, respectively), but not by dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, sc). The results of this study demonstrate that systemic administration of STZ induces mechanical hypernociception that does not depend on hyperglycemia and intraplantar STZ induces mechanical sensitization of primary sensory neurons responsive to local morphine treatment422197206sem informaçã

Surgical treatment of congenital pseudoarthrosis of the clavicle: Our 22-year, single-center experience

Objectives: This study reports the surgical outcomes in a patient cohort with congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle (CPC). Patients and methods: A total of nine pediatric patients (5 males, 4 females; mean age: 4.43 years; range, 2 to 12 years) who were diagnosed with CPC and treated surgically with a minimum one-year follow-up between January 1996 and December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to the fixation method as the Kirschner wire (K-wire; Group A, n=2) or stabilization with a plate (Group B, n=7). The physical function and symptoms were evaluated using the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) scale. Results: The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 2.95 (range, 0 to 12) years. Six cases were atrophic pseudarthrosis and three cases were hypertrophic. Radiographic consolidation occurred in all cases with a mean duration of 103.8±39.1 days, indicating no significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). Complications registered were a K-wire breakage in a patient in Group A and an internal fixation plate loosening in a patient in Group B. The mean postoperative follow-up was 2.98±1.82 years. The QuickDASH score was 0 points in all patients. Conclusion: The early surgical indication based on refreshment of the pseudarthrosis focus, with bone autograft interposition when a failure exists to restore adequate clavicular length, and fixation are reliable alternatives with favorable clinical and radiological results in the mid- and long-term with fewer complications

First detection of PCV4 in swine in the United States: codetection with PCV2 and PCV3 and direct detection within tissues

Since PCV4 was first described in 2019, the virus has been identified in several countries in SoutheastAsia and Europe. Most studies have been limited to detecting PCV4 by PCR. Thus, PCV4 has an unclearassociation with clinical disease. This study utilized 512 porcine clinical lung, feces, spleen, serum,lymphoid tissue, and fetus samples submitted to the ISU‑VDL from June–September 2023. PCV4 wasdetected in 8.6% of samples with an average Ct value of 33. While detection rates among sample typeswere variable, lymphoid tissue had the highest detection rate (18.7%). Two ORF2 sequences wereobtained from lymphoid tissue samples and had 96.36–98.98% nucleotide identity with referencesequences. Direct detection of PCV4 by RNAscope revealed viral replication in B lymphocytes andmacrophages in lymph node germinal centers and histiocytic and T lymphocyte infiltration in thelamina propria of the small intestine. PCV4 detection was most commonly observed in nursery tofinishing aged pigs displaying respiratory and enteric disease. Coinfection with PCV2, PCV3, and otherendemic pathogens was frequently observed, highlighting the complex interplay between differentPCVs and their potential roles in disease pathogenesis. This study provides insights into the frequencyof detection, tissue distribution, and genetic characteristics of PCV4 in the US.Fil: Kroeger, Molly. University of Iowa; Estados UnidosFil: Vargas Bermudez, Diana S.. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Sede Bogotá; ColombiaFil: Jaime, Jairo. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Sede Bogotá; ColombiaFil: Parada, Julian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Groeltz, Jennifer. University of Iowa; Estados UnidosFil: Gauger, Philip. University of Iowa; Estados UnidosFil: Piñeyro, Pablo. University of Iowa; Estados Unido