Monitoring Deformation in Graphene Through Hyperspectral Synchrotron Spectroscopy to Inform Fabrication

The promise from graphene to produce devices with high mobilities and detectors with fast response times is truncated in practice by strain and deformation originating during growth and subsequent processing. This work describes effects from graphene growth, multiple layer transfer, and substrate termination on out of plane deformation, critical to device performance. Synchrotron spectroscopy data was acquired with a state-of-the-art hyperspectral large-area detector to describe growth and processing with molecular sensitivity at wafer length scales. A study of methodologies used in data analysis discouraged dichroic ratio approaches in favor of orbital vector approximations and data mining algorithms. Orbital vector methods provide a physical insight into mobility-detrimental rippling by identifying ripple frequency as main actor, rather than intensity; which was confirmed by data mining algorithms, and in good agreement with electron scattering theories of corrugation in graphene. This work paves the way to efficient information from mechanical properties in graphene in a high throughput mode throughout growth and processing in a materials by design approach

PGE2 inhibits TIL expansion by disrupting IL-2 signalling and mitochondrial function.

Expansion of antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells is critical for the success of tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)-adoptive cell therapy (ACT) in patients with cancer1. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) acts as a key regulator of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte functions by promoting expansion and cytotoxic capability2,3. Therefore, it is essential to comprehend mechanistic barriers to IL-2 sensing in the tumour microenvironment to implement strategies to reinvigorate IL-2 responsiveness and T cell antitumour responses. Here we report that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a known negative regulator of immune response in the tumour microenvironment4,5, is present at high concentrations in tumour tissue from patients and leads to impaired IL-2 sensing in human CD8+ TILs via the PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4. Mechanistically, PGE2 inhibits IL-2 sensing in TILs by downregulating the IL-2Rγc chain, resulting in defective assembly of IL-2Rβ-IL2Rγc membrane dimers. This results in impaired IL-2-mTOR adaptation and PGC1α transcriptional repression, causing oxidative stress and ferroptotic cell death in tumour-reactive TILs. Inhibition of PGE2 signalling to EP2 and EP4 during TIL expansion for ACT resulted in increased IL-2 sensing, leading to enhanced proliferation of tumour-reactive TILs and enhanced tumour control once the cells were transferred in vivo. Our study reveals fundamental features that underlie impairment of human TILs mediated by PGE2 in the tumour microenvironment. These findings have therapeutic implications for cancer immunotherapy and cell therapy, and enable the development of targeted strategies to enhance IL-2 sensing and amplify the IL-2 response in TILs, thereby promoting the expansion of effector T cells with enhanced therapeutic potential

がん化学療法を受けている療養者のセルフマネジメントに関する研究の動向と課題

【目的】外来で化学療法を受ける療養者が急増し, 症状マネジメントが療養の場である在宅に移行してい る. 看護者には対象者の能力を引き出し, 症状マネジメント力を高める支援が求められている. 本研究の目的 は, がん化学療法を受けている療養者のセルフマネジメントに関連する2002年から2006年までの原著論文 を分析し, 研究課題を明確にすることである. 【方法】「医学中央雑誌」を使用し,“化学療法”“通院治療” “セルフマネジメント”をキーワードに検索を行い, 研究デザイン, 方法, 内容の分析を行った. 【結果】 該当文献は35論文であり, 研究デザインは因子探索研究, 種類は質的研究が約60％を占めていた. 研究内容 は, 化学療法の副作用が療養者の身体, 心理・精神, 社会に与える影響とその対処の現象を明らかにした研究 が45.7％であり, 次いで, セルフマネジメントを促進する介入効果の研究25.7％であった. 家族を対象とした 研究やエビデンスレベルの高い研究は少ない状況であった. 【結語】心理・教育的介入, 家族およびソー シャルサポートを焦点としたエビデンスレベルの高い研究が必要であることが示唆された

Graphene-Based Test Platform in Potential Application for FET with Guanine as Gate Dielectric

Guanine and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) layers 60 nm thick were fabricated by physical vapor deposition and spin-coating, respectively, for potential application as bio-based field-effect transistors. A few layers of graphene on a variety of non-flexible and flexible supports were used as substrates for the guanine and PMMA layers. The interactions between these layers and graphene were studied and their effects on the electrical properties of the graphene were monitored over an extended period of time. Guanine had no noticeable effects on the transport properties of graphene. The presence of PMMA reduced the charge-carrier mobility of graphene by up to 42%. This combination has potential for use as a device in biosensors, environmental science, computer-processing, and graphene-based electronics