INTERATION OF HERBICIDS AND SEASONING LEAVES ON CORN HYBRIDS

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de diferentes herbicidas em pós-emergência e época de adubação via foliar sobre híbridos de milho. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Escola da UEPG, Ponta Grossa/PR, delineado em blocos casualizados com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos constaram de três níveis do fator herbicida mesotrione (120 gha-1); atrazine (1250 g ha-1) e mesotrione + atrazine; dois híbridos (30P70 e 30K75), duas épocas de aplicação de adubo foliar [0 e 7 dias após aplicação dos herbicidas (DAA)]. Avaliou-se a altura de plantas, número de folhas por planta, diâmetro de colmo, teor de clorofila e variáveis da produtividade. Detectou-se interação entre herbicidas e híbridos para número de folhas por planta aos 32 DAA, entre herbicidas e época de aplicação do adubo foliar para diâmetro de colmo aos 32 DAA, entre híbridos e épocas de aplicação do adubo foliar para grãos por fileira. O híbrido 30P70 apresentou melhor desempenho quanto à altura de planta, de inserção da primeira espiga, número de espigas por planta e grãos por fileira e pior quanto à fitomassa de 1000 grãos, diâmetro e tamanho de espiga quando comparado ao 30K75. O diâmetro de espiga foi maior quando da aplicação de mesotrione e o tamanho da espiga quando da aplicação da mistura mesotrione + atrazine. Não houve interações entre herbicidas, épocas de aplicação do adubo foliar e híbridos de milho em relação à aplicação dos herbicidas para as variáveis da produtividade

p35, the non-cyclin activator of Cdk5, protects podocytes against apoptosis in vitro and in vivo

Cyclin-dependent kinase-5 is widely expressed and predominantly regulated by the non-cyclin activator p35. Since we recently showed that expression of p35 in the kidney is restricted to podocytes, we examined here its function in mice in which p35 was genetically deleted. The mice did not exhibit kidney abnormalities during glomerular development or during adult life. Conditionally immortalized cultured podocytes, derived from these null mice, did not have any change in their morphology, differentiation, or proliferation. However, when these cultured podocytes were exposed to UV-C irradiation, serum depletion, puromycin aminonucleoside, or transforming growth factor-β-1, they showed increased apoptosis compared to those from wild-type mice. Levels of Bcl-2 were decreased in these null podocytes but increased after transduction with human p35. Restoration of p35 or the ectopic expression of Bcl-2 reduced the susceptibility of p35-null podocytes to apoptosis. Experimental glomerulonephritis, characterized by podocyte apoptosis and subsequent crescent formation, was utilized to test these findings in vivo. Podocyte apoptosis was significantly increased in diseased p35-null compared with wild-type mice, accompanied by increased glomerulosclerosis and decreased renal function. Our study shows that p35 does not affect glomerulogenesis but controls podocyte survival following injury, in part, by regulating Bcl-2 expression

Microscopic dynamics in liquid metals: the experimental point of view

The experimental results relevant for the understanding of the microscopic dynamics in liquid metals are reviewed, with special regards to the ones achieved in the last two decades. Inelastic Neutron Scattering played a major role since the development of neutron facilities in the sixties. The last ten years, however, saw the development of third generation radiation sources, which opened the possibility of performing Inelastic Scattering with X rays, thus disclosing previously unaccessible energy-momentum regions. The purely coherent response of X rays, moreover, combined with the mixed coherent/incoherent response typical of neutron scattering, provides enormous potentialities to disentangle aspects related to the collectivity of motion from the single particle dynamics. If the last twenty years saw major experimental developments, on the theoretical side fresh ideas came up to the side of the most traditional and established theories. Beside the raw experimental results, therefore, we review models and theoretical approaches for the description of microscopic dynamics over different length-scales, from the hydrodynamic region down to the single particle regime, walking the perilous and sometimes uncharted path of the generalized hydrodynamics extension. Approaches peculiar of conductive systems, based on the ionic plasma theory, are also considered, as well as kinetic and mode coupling theory applied to hard sphere systems, which turn out to mimic with remarkable detail the atomic dynamics of liquid metals. Finally, cutting edges issues and open problems, such as the ultimate origin of the anomalous acoustic dispersion or the relevance of transport properties of a conductive systems in ruling the ionic dynamic structure factor are discussed.Comment: 53 pages, 41 figures, to appear in "The Review of Modern Physics". Tentatively scheduled for July issu

Differential expression of trypsin-3 and phosrestin ii genes in the main malaria vector, Anopheles darlingi, from the Brazilian Amazon Region

Anopheles darlingi is the most anthropophilic mosquito related to Plasmodium infection of malaria, causing significant morbidity and mortality in South America. Pyrethroid chemical has been used to control mosquitos. We analyzed the expression of trypsin-3 and phosrestin II genes implicated to feeding and resistance to insecticides, immune response and sensory antenna mechanisms, respectively, of larvae and adult of A. darlingi, through quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). We aimed to validate the similarity in nucleotide sequences of A. darlingi RNA sequencing libraries by in silico, and qRT- PCR, owing to their possible effects on the ability to spread disease. The expression of trypsin-3 and phosrestin II was higher in the first and second instar larvae as compared with that in adults. These differentially expressed trypsin-3 and phosrestin II genes do not provide us evidence that both genes participate in pyrethroid resistance. The signaling pathway involving both genes requires further study. Preliminary phylogenetic relationships and the accumulation of mutations analysis in both genes were also compared with trypsin and phosrestin sequences of 15 and 17 other anopheline species, respectively, to obtain a mutational rate of 0.02 on phylogenetic trees. Trypsin gene of A. darlingi and A. albimanus clustered into the same group and was distinct from the species of A. gambiae complex and other anopheline. For phosrestin II, A. darlingi was separated from the remaining species from Africa, Asia, and Europe. Although the groups showed low to moderate support, it is possible to infer that both genes may belong to two evolutionary groups: one presents in the anopheline species of New World and other in the anopheline species of Old World, and be useful for future studies. © 2017 The Authors

Resposta da soja (Glycine max) ao aumento da concentração de CO2 e temperatura.

O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de determinar as respostas da soja a dois níveis de concentração de CO2 , 400 ppm e 700 ppm e três diferentes regimes de temperatura, 20/15, 25120 e 30/25 °C (dia/noite). Plantas de soja Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Stonewall foram cultivadas em ambientes controlados, sob radiação constante e livre de estresse devido à água e nutrientes. As variáveis analisadas foram massa seca de folhas, caules, pecíolos, vagens e área foliar. Observou-se que as interações entre temperatura e CO2 apareceram somente após o estádio de desenvolvimento V4. A temperatura possui uma influência maior na taxa de desenvolvimento e na data de florescimento que a concentração de CO2 ? Observou-se também que as respostas à concentração de CO2 foram maiores em temperaturas menore

Dislocation Loop Formation and Growth under In Situ Laser and/or Electron Irradiation

Vacancies and interstitial atoms are primary lattice (point) defects that cause observable microstructural changes, such as the formation of dislocation loops and voids in crystalline solids. These defects' diffusion properties determine the phase stability and environmental resistibility of macroscopic materials under ambient conditions. Although in situ methods have been proposed for measuring the diffusion energy of point defects, direct measurement has been limited. In this study, we propose an alternative in situ method to measure the activation energy for vacancy migration under laser irradiation using a pulsed laser beam from a laser-equipped high-voltage electron microscope (laser-HVEM). We made in situ observations that revealed the formation and growth of vacancy dislocation loops in an austenitic stainless steel during laser irradiation. These loops continued to grow when thermal annealing was performed after laser irradiation at the same temperature. We anticipate that laser-HVEM will provide a new method for investigating lattice defects

Renal tubular Sirt1 attenuates diabetic albuminuria by epigenetically suppressing Claudin-1 overexpression in podocytes

Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), a NAD[superscript +]-regulated deacetylase with numerous known positive effects on cellular and whole-body metabolism, is expressed in the renal cortex and medulla. It is known to have protective effects against age-related disease, including diabetes. Here we investigated the protective role of Sirt1 in diabetic renal damage. We found that Sirt1 in proximal tubules (PTs) was downregulated before albuminuria occurred in streptozotocin-induced or obese (db/db) diabetic mice. PT-specific SIRT1 transgenic and Sirt1 knockout mice showed prevention and aggravation of the glomerular changes that occur in diabetes, respectively, and nondiabetic knockout mice exhibited albuminuria, suggesting that Sirt1 in PTs affects glomerular function. Downregulation of Sirt1 and upregulation of the tight junction protein Claudin-1 by SIRT1-mediated epigenetic regulation in podocytes contributed to albuminuria. We did not observe these phenomena in 5/6 nephrectomized mice. We also demonstrated retrograde interplay from PTs to glomeruli using nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) from conditioned medium, measurement of the autofluorescence of photoactivatable NMN and injection of fluorescence-labeled NMN. In human subjects with diabetes, the levels of SIRT1 and Claudin-1 were correlated with proteinuria levels. These results suggest that Sirt1 in PTs protects against albuminuria in diabetes by maintaining NMN concentrations around glomeruli, thus influencing podocyte function.Japan. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Grant 22790800