Comparison of rapid detection assays for grapevine leafroll disease associated closteroviruses

Three rapid detection assays (ELISA, dsRNA analysis and ISEM) were compared for their sensitivity, specificity, and simplicity in the detection of grapevine leafroll associated closteroviruses (GLRaV). Each was found to have advantages and disadvantages for routine testing. ELISA is sensitive and easy to use, but different antisera are needed to detect different GLRaV types. Because mixing or blending of antisera can produce good results in a single ELISA test, each antiserum does not need to be used separately unless it is important to determine the type of GLRaV present. DsRNA analysis can detect all the types of GLRaV tested but has a relatively low sensitivity and is labor intensive, which makes it unsuitable for testing large numbers of samples. Furthermore, dsRNA does not give unequivocal diagnosis of GLRaV infections. ISEM is sensitive and rapid. However, like ELISA, this technique requires an antiserum to each GLRaV type tested and an electron microscopy. Our recommendation is that ELISA should be used with multiple antisera for large scale testing programs. Samples for which ELISA results are inconclusive should be retested with ISEM and/or dsRNA. When the disease status of an individual sample must be determined conclusively, a few grams of tissue should be processed to concentrate the virus and then subjected to ELISA and examination by electron microscopy with negative staining. A dsRNA analysis should be carried out as well

Widespread somatosensory sensitivity in naturally occurring canine model of osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA)-associated pain is a leading cause of disability. Central sensitization (CS), as a result of OA, is recognized as an important facet of human patients' chronic pain and has been measured in people using quantitative sensory testing (QST) testing. The spontaneous canine OA model has been suggested as a good translational model, but CS has not been explored in this model. In this study, QST was performed on dogs with and without spontaneous hip or stifle OA to determine whether OA is associated with CS in this model. Mechanical (von Frey and blunt pressure) and thermal (hot and cold) sensory thresholds obtained in dogs with chronic OA-associated pain (n = 31) were compared with those of normal dogs (n = 23). Dogs were phenotyped and joint-pain scored, and testing was performed at the OA-affected joint, cranial tibial muscle, and dorsal metatarsal region. QST summary data were evaluated using mixed-effect models to understand the influence of OA status and covariates, and dogs with OA and control dogs were compared. The presence of OA was strongly associated with hyperalgesia across all QST modalities at the index joint, cranial tibial muscle, and metatarsal site. Mechanical QST scores were significantly moderately negatively correlated with total joint-pain scores. The spontaneous canine OA model is associated with somatosensory sensitivity, likely indicative of CS. These data further validate the canine spontaneous OA model as an appropriate model of the human OA pain condition

The relationship of allopregnanolone immunoreactivity and HPA-axis measures to experimental pain sensitivity: Evidence for ethnic differences☆

In animal models, allopregnanolone (ALLO) negatively modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and has been shown to exert analgesic effects. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between plasma ALLO immunoreactivity (ALLO-ir), HPA-axis measures, and pain sensitivity in humans. Forty-five African Americans (21 men, 24 women) and 39 non-Hispanic Whites (20 men, 19 women) were tested for pain sensitivity to tourniquet ischemia, thermal heat, and cold pressor tests. Plasma ALLO-ir, cortisol, and β-endorphin concentrations were taken following an extended rest period. Lower concentrations of ALLO-ir were associated with increased pain tolerance to all three pain tests and increased pain threshold to the thermal heat pain task in the non-Hispanic Whites only (rs = -.35 to -.49, ps < .05). Also, only in the non-Hispanic Whites was cortisol associated with thermal heat tolerance (r = +.39, p<.05) and threshold (r = +.50, p < .01) and cold pressor tolerance (r = +.32, p < .05), and was β-endorphin concentrations associated with cold pressor tolerance (r = +.33, p<.05). Mediational analyses revealed that higher cortisol levels mediated the relationship between lower ALLO-ir and increased thermal heat pain threshold in the non-Hispanic Whites only. These results suggest that lower ALLO-ir concentrations are associated with decreased pain sensitivity in humans, especially in non-Hispanic Whites, and that this relationship may be mediated by HPA-axis function

Efeito do pisoteio animal acumulativo e da fenação nos parâmetros físicos do solo em área com sobressemeadura de misturas forrageiras de estação fria em pastagem de Tifton.

Os sistemas de manejo do solo e de pastagem implicam em mudanças nas propriedades físicas do solo a curto, médio e longo prazo, as quais podem ou não ser restritivas ao desenvolvimento do sistema radicular. Objetivou-se, a avaliação de parâmetros físicos do solo em pastagens de tifton 85 sobressemeado com espécies forrageiras de estação fria, em área pastejada no inverno e na primavera e destinadas a produção de feno no verão. O experimento foi conduzido no Instituto Regional de Desenvolvimento Rural (IRDeR). O experimento foi disposto na forma de blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial triplo (2x3x4) constituído de 2 sistemas de manejo (com e sem pastejo), 3 consórcios (aveia preta + ervilhaca, aveia preta + trevo vesiculoso e aveia preta) e quatro camadas de profundidade, com três repetições. Foram coletadas amostras de solo em quatro camadas de profundidade do solo (0-0,05, 0,05- 0,10, 0,10-0,15, 0,15-0,20 m), em todos os tratamentos, para determinação da umidade gravimétrica, densidade de partícula e densidade do solo. A umidade volumétrica, porosidade total, espaço aéreo e o grau de saturação foram calculados. Não ocorreu diferença na porosidade total nas áreas com e sem pastejo, já para o espaço aéreo, houve diferença entre as mesmas. A área com pastejo apresentou maior espaço aéreo. A densidade de partícula foi menor na camada superficial do solo. A aveia preta proporcionou uma maior umidade gravimétrica na área de exclusão de pastejo. Os valores de densidade do solo e de espaço aéreo não são restritivos ao crescimento radicular em ambas as áreas

Janus Molecule I: Dichotomous Effects of COMT in Neuropathic vs Nociceptive Pain Modalities

The enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) has been shown to play a critical role in pain perception by regulating levels of epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE). Although the key contribution of catecholamines to the perception of pain has been recognized for a long time, there is a clear dichotomy of observations. More than a century of research has demonstrated that increasing adrenergic transmission in the spinal cord decreases pain sensitivity in animals. Equally abundant evidence demonstrates the opposite effect of adrenergic signaling in the peripheral nervous system, where adrenergic signaling increases pain sensitivity. Viewing pain processing within spinal and peripheral compartments and determining the directionality of adrenergic signaling helps clarify the seemingly contradictory findings of the pain modulatory properties of adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists presented in other reviews. Available evidence suggests that adrenergic signaling contributes to pain phenotypes through α 1/2 and β 2/3 receptors. While stimulation of α 2 adrenergic receptors seems to uniformly produce analgesia, stimulation of α 1 or β receptors produces either analgesic or hyperalgesic effects. Establishing the directionality of adrenergic receptor modulation of pain processing, and related COMT activity in different pain models are needed to bring meaning to recent human molecular genetic findings. This will enable the translation of current findings into meaningful clinical applications such as diagnostic markers and novel therapeutic targets for complex human pain conditions

Production Per Animal and Use of Intake Estimatives to Predicted Animal Productivity in \u3cem\u3ePennisetum Purpureum\u3c/em\u3e cv. Mott and \u3cem\u3eCynodon\u3c/em\u3e spp cv. Tifton 85 Pastures

Dairy production is a very important activity in southern Brazil, being an essential source of income to small household farms. Milk production from pastures is an alternative to reduce costs in dairy systems. Some C4 grasses, such as dwarf elephant grass (DEG) and Tifton 85, have presented high animal production per animal and per area. Although studies evaluating milk production from these pastures are rare in south Brazil, in vitro studies have demonstrated that the nutritional value of these forages is higher than production registered in grazing. So, it is possible that, in spite of a high intrinsic nutritional value, limitation on cows’ productivity is linked to the food’s capacity of conversion to milk and/or management conditions that limit forage intake. Leaf mass in pastures is a factor that determinates forage intake, as cows prefer leaf to other parts of plants. In this context, adequate animal performance may be possible if offered enough leaf biomass at pasture. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the potential of milk production with these two forage species

Sensitive lipid biomarker detection for tuberculosis in late Neanderthal skeletons from Subalyuk Cave, Hungary

Skeletal remains of two Neanderthal individuals, a 25-35 year-old woman and a 3-4 year-old child, were discovered in a Subalyuk Cave in North-Eastern Hungary. Radiocarbon dating of the female and child remains revealed an age of 39,732-39,076 and 36,117-35,387 cal BP, respectively. Paleopathological studies of these Neanderthal remains revealed probable evidence of skeletal mycobacterial infection, including in the sacrum of the adult specimen and the endocranial surface of the child's skull. Application of PCR amplification to the juvenile cranium and a vertebra gave a positive result (IS6110) for tuberculosis, backed up by spoligotyping. Lipid biomarker analyses of the same two specimens revealed definitive signals for C32 mycoserosates, a very characteristic component of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). A vertebra from the adult provided weak evidence for mycocerosate biomarkers. The correlation of probable skeletal lesions with characteristic amplified DNA fragments and a proven lipid biomarker points to the presence of tuberculosis in these Neanderthals. In particular, the closely similar biomarker profiles, for two distinct juvenile cranial and vertebral bones, strengthen this diagnosis. </p

Impact of human CA8 on thermal antinociception in relation to morphine equivalence in mice

Recently, we showed that murine dorsal root ganglion (DRG) Car8 expression is a cis-regulated eQTL that determines analgesic responses. In this report, we show that transduction through sciatic nerve injection of DRG with human wild-type carbonic anhydrase-8 using adeno-associated virus viral particles (AAV8-V5-CA8WT) produces analgesia in naive male C57BL/6J mice and antihyperalgesia after carrageenan treatment. A peak mean increase of about 4 s in thermal hindpaw withdrawal latency equaled increases in thermal withdrawal latency produced by 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal morphine in these mice. Allometric conversion of this intraperitoneal morphine dose in mice equals an oral morphine dose of about 146 mg in a 60-kg adult. Our work quantifies for the first time analgesia and antihyperalgesia in an inflammatory pain model after DRG transduction by CA8 gene therapy

μ-Opioid receptor 6-transmembrane isoform: A potential therapeutic target for new effective opioids

6TM MOR is a functional isoform of μ-opioid receptor.6TM MOR has a different cellular localization with respect to 7TM-MOR.6TM MOR may signal via different cellular pathways with respect to 7TM MOR.6TM MOR stimulation may mediate excitatory cellular effects.The μ-opioid receptor (MOR) is the primary target for opioid analgesics. MOR induces analgesia through the inhibition of second messenger pathways and the modulation of ion channels activity. Nevertheless, cellular excitation has also been demonstrated, and proposed to mediate reduction of therapeutic efficacy and opioid-induced hyperalgesia upon prolonged exposure to opioids. In this mini-perspective, we review the recently identified, functional MOR isoform subclass, which consists of six transmembrane helices (6TM) and may play an important role in MOR signaling. There is evidence that 6TM MOR signals through very different cellular pathways and may mediate excitatory cellular effects rather than the classic inhibitory effects produced by the stimulation of the major (7TM) isoform. Therefore, the development of 6TM and 7TM MOR selective compounds represents a new and exciting opportunity to better understand the mechanisms of action and the pharmacodynamic properties of a new class of opioids