Disequilibrium, Self-Selection and Switching Models

The present paper outlines the similarities in the structure of self-selectivity models and disequilibrium models. Both these models fall under the category of switching models—with sample separation known and sample separation unknown. Curiously enough the econometric models with self-selectivity are all switching models with sample separation known, whereas the econometric models with disequilibrium are mostly formulated as switching models with unknown sample separation. The paper argues that the reasons for this are that not much attention is devoted to the reasons for the existence of disequilibrium and the models are all formulated as "rationing" models. It is suggested that many empirical applications of disequilibrium fall in the category of "trading" models and here the sample separation is known and the reasons for the existence of disequilibrium are also clear

Methods of Estimation for Models of Markets with Bounded Price Variation

The paper describes methods of estimation for models of markets with controlled prices. Many practical situations involving disequilibrium are due to price ceilings or price floors or both and thus fall.in the category of the models described here. The paper also distinguishes between "rationing models" where the short side of the market prevails, and "trading models" where no trading takes place if there is excess demand or excess supply

A Time Series Model with Qualitative Variables

This paper considers a distributed lag model in which the dependent variable is observed qualitatively. The relation of our "lagged index" model to other models that have appeared in the literature is discussed and a computationally tractable method of obtaining consistent estimates is presented. The model is applied to data on party identification in the United States. The results obtained indicate that party identification is responsive to changes in individual opinions, especially regarding the performance of an incumbent president

Security Issues and Solutions in Cloud Computing: A Review

Cloud computing is a rising worldview which has turned into the present most trending topic because of its ability to reduce the costs associated with computing. In the present period, it is most intriguing and helpful innovation which offers the services based on demand over the internet to its users. Since Cloud processing stores the information and due to its wide spreading resources security has turned out to be a serious obstacle which is hampering the cloud users. There are number of clients utilizing cloud to store their own information. This paper lists the security problems that cloud computing facing today such as data, privacy, and account hijacking and some other security issues. It also discusses some solutions for tackling these issues and problem

Methods of Estimation for Models of Markets with Bounded Price Variation

The paper describes methods of estimation for models of markets with controlled prices. Many practical situations involving disequilibrium are due to price ceilings or price floors or both and thus fall.in the category of the models described here. The paper also distinguishes between "rationing models" where the short side of the market prevails, and "trading models" where no trading takes place if there is excess demand or excess supply

Microdialysis: a method for quantifying in situ nitrogen fluxes in soil microsites

Microdialysis, a diffusion-based sampling technique commonly used in biomedical research, has recently been recognized as a candidate for monitoring chemical changes in the rhizosphere. The information it provides about nutrient diffusion may improve nitrogen use efficiency, leading to enhanced management and success of restoration projects. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of microdialysis sampling to quantify the relative recoveries (RR%) of nitrate-N and ammonium-N, the two inorganic nitrogen compounds typically found in soil. The effects of microdialysis flow rate, sample medium concentration, and the presence of both analytes in solution on the relative recoveries obtained from dialysate samples were investigated. In comparison to 3.75 and 5.0 μL/min, a flow rate of 2.0 μL/min resulted in an increased relative recovery for both nitrate-N and ammonium-N solutions, at 42.7% and 51.0%, respectively, and was determined to be an optimum rate for subsequent experiments using CMA 20 microdialysis probes. The RR% for both nitrate-N and ammonium-N did not display a statistically significant dependence on the concentration of analyte present in the sample medium. The analytes also did not exhibit interferences, and the presence of both nitrate-N and ammonium-N in the same solution did not influence the RR% of either analyte. The results obtained from this study will assist in validating a novel approach to measuring in situ nitrogen availability in soil with minimal disturbance