The Effectiveness of the Army Medical Command Tobacco Cessation Regulation on Self-Reported Tobacco Quit Rates of Soldiers

On the 4th of March, 2013, LTG Patricia D. Horoho, then the Surgeon General and Commanding General of the United States Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) published the Army Medicine 2020 Campaign Plan. The plan incorporates three different methods to take action within MEDCOM. These are to: “Increase Capacity, Enhance Diplomacy and Improve Stamina” (Army Medicine 2020 Campaign Plan; “Extension”). Within the “Improve Stamina” component of the plan, Campaign Objective 3-3 is to “Increase Healthy Behavior.” Specifically detailed within this section is to promote tobacco-free living under sub-objective 3-3.1. This sub-objective seeks to establish a change in culture throughout the United States Army: decreasing use and subsequently reducing the tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in Soldiers, retirees and their families. One specific method mentioned in the 2020 Campaign Plan is to establish more tobacco-free areas both in Army Medical Treatment Facilities (MTF) as well as locations on Army installations. Going one step further, the MEDCOM issued an Operations Order (Medical Command Tobacco Free Living Operations Order 15-48, 8 May 15), which took effect on 1 April, 2016, which not only mandated tobacco-free MTFs, but also states that all MEDCOM Soldiers are not authorized to use tobacco products (including e-cigarettes) while on duty or in uniform. Although many businesses including hospitals throughout the United States have enacted tobacco-free workplaces and campuses, never before has this requirement extended beyond the range of the campus itself. It can be readily assumed that the scope of a regulation of this nature will have far-reaching effects on improving the health of staff through enforcing a change in culture in much of its workforce. This research will determine what effects the new policy has on MEDCOM Soldiers over a short term in an effort to ascertain the future potential for this policy and others to be based upon it. Need for the Study: The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 21.3% of adults in the United States use tobacco products either every day or some days (Hu et al 2016). Of these, the greatest users were in the 18-24 year old male category. Tobacco use has been found to be the cause of approximately 480,000 American deaths per year, with health costs approaching $170 billion and$156 billion in lost productivity (“Tobacco Use,” 2016). Although tobacco use has gone down in the United States over the last fifty years, it is still attributed to 5%-14% of all U.S. healthcare dollars spent per year (Xu, Bishop, Kennedy, Simpson, & Pechaecek, 2015). Furthermore, Xu et al explains that based on the 2006-2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), approximately 32.8% of spending from federal health insurance programs (including the Veterans Affairs, Indian Health, and military treatment facilities) was directed toward cigarette smoking related illness. The United States CDC found that smoking in the military is higher than that of the general population on the whole. In 2008, approximately 31% of all Active Duty military were smokers (Bray et al, 2010). In 2011, 24% of Active military smoked compared with 19% of civilians, and from the period of 2007-2010 male veterans were 5% more likely than nonveterans to be smokers (“Current Cigarette Smoking Among U.S. Adults Aged 18 Years and Older,” 2016). According to GlobalSecurity.org (2016), there were approximately 1,301,300 total members of the Active United States military in 2016. This would mean that as many as 312,312 personnel could be smoking in the active duty. The financial and lost work hours of this are significant. In September, 2015, the Veterans Affairs projected a total Veteran population of 21,681,000 (“Department of Veterans Affairs Statistics at a Glance,” 2016). The five percent difference as mentioned above equates to over a million Veterans who are more likely to smoke than their civilian counterparts, which by extension increases the cost to care for these Veterans. The size of the Veteran population continues to grow as new military retirees enter the system, and modern medicine increases the lifespan of those currently enrolled in the system. Lastly, although an older study, Robert Klesges et al (2000) presented statistics on the effects of smoking on military training. The researchers specifically looked at the relationship between smoking and early discharges from the United States Air Force. It was found that of 29,044 personnel entering the Air Force between August, 1995 and August, 1996, smokers were found to be 1.8 times more likely to be prematurely discharged than non-smokers. This equated to 629 Airmen being discharged for problems related to smoking, costing the Air Force in excess of $18 million in excess cost. Their findings over all services were over$133 million, which approached 1% of the total military training budget. The effects of tobacco use in the United States military plays a significant impact on multiple levels. The impact on health from tobacco use has potential effects from the individual Soldiers and their families’ health, through the unit level and on to the readiness of the entire Army. The direct effects of smoking and tobacco on the individual, and smoking-related illness resulting in lost work time has been well documented by numerous studies. In addition, the effects of second-hand smoke on the general population and on the families of smokers has also been noted. Because of the extremely physical nature of many of the career fields in the Army, any loss of physical capacity equates to a decrease in job performance and a degradation in capability to accomplish assigned missions. This results in a direct impact from tobacco. Lastly, due to the nature of military health insurance, which covers 100% of a Soldier’s and family’s care, there is the direct financial impact on caring for the sequelae of tobacco use, with the additional impact of sick time taken by the Soldier, keeping them from being able to support the unit and their mission. Problem Statement: Although the evidence is apparent for the inherent health risks from tobacco use, quit rates in tobacco users are historically low, with a high degree of recidivism back to tobacco use. The Active Duty Army, in having authority to dictate policies to affect their employees (Soldiers) has the potential to influence tobacco use through policies making it “illegal” to use tobacco during the duty day. The purpose of this study is to assess whether the MEDCOM policy against tobacco use results in greater tobacco quit rates among MEDCOM Soldiers, in comparison to the same sample of Soldiers prior to the implementation of the new MEDCOM tobacco use policy. Specific Aim 1: What are the current statistics of tobacco use in the United States Army at this time, in comparison to the American population-at-large? Specific Aim 2: Is there a difference in tobacco quit rates in MEDCOM Soldiers after implementation of the 2016 Tobacco Cessation Policy? Population The population to be considered by this study includes all Active Duty Soldiers stationed on a large Army installation between October 2015 and October 2016, which includes sample data from before and after policy implementation. Hypotheses: The primary goal of the MEDCOM tobacco policy is to reduce the number of Soldiers using tobacco. Thus, the aim of this study will be to examine the use rates and quit rates before and after the implementation of the new tobacco policy. Through accessing data from routine appointments, the following hypotheses will be studied: Hypothesis 1: There is no difference in tobacco use following implementation of the new MEDCOM tobacco policy, in comparison to prior to the policy implementation. Hypothesis 2: There is no difference in tobacco use between MEDCOM Soldiers and non-MEDCOM Soldiers following the implementation of the new tobacco policy

Active Learning & Library Instruction : Team Teaching with Faculty Physicians

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/101131/1/ActiveLearningPosterMLA2013.pd

Unraveling bovin phylogeny: accomplishments and challenges

The phylogenetic systematics of bovin species forms a common basis for studies at multiple scales, from the level of domestication in populations to major cladogenesis. The main big-picture accomplishments of this productive field, including two recent works, one in BMC Genomics, are reviewed with an eye for some of the limitations and challenges impeding progress. See Research article http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/10/17

Probabilistic Clustering of Time-Evolving Distance Data

We present a novel probabilistic clustering model for objects that are represented via pairwise distances and observed at different time points. The proposed method utilizes the information given by adjacent time points to find the underlying cluster structure and obtain a smooth cluster evolution. This approach allows the number of objects and clusters to differ at every time point, and no identification on the identities of the objects is needed. Further, the model does not require the number of clusters being specified in advance -- they are instead determined automatically using a Dirichlet process prior. We validate our model on synthetic data showing that the proposed method is more accurate than state-of-the-art clustering methods. Finally, we use our dynamic clustering model to analyze and illustrate the evolution of brain cancer patients over time

Benchmarking and Compliance in the UK Offshore Decommissioning Hazardous Waste Stream

The decommissioning sector of the United Kingdom offshore oil and gas industry is growing rapidly due to the number of ageing installations within United Kingdom waters. In line with current United Kingdom requirements, installations must be decontaminated from hazardous waste before any part can be reused or recycled. This hazardous waste must be handled, transported, and disposed of in a way that does not impact safety or the environment. This research project analyses the key issues associated with the handling of hazardous waste during the decommissioning of offshore installations with the United Kingdom Continental Shelf. A comprehensive literature review and analysis of decommissioning close-out reports was conducted to allow for the key issues to be identified. Expert judgements were sought and analysed using an analytical hierarchy process. This study emphases the need to improve the handling of hazardous materials during the decommissioning process. The clarity of legislative requirements, identification of hazardous materials and sharing of knowledge and experience are areas that require improvement to meet the increasingly stringent environmental and sustainability requirements

Oldest known pantherine skull and evolution of the tiger

The tiger is one of the most iconic extant animals, and its origin and evolution have been intensely debated. Fossils attributable to extant pantherine species-lineages are less than 2 MYA and the earliest tiger fossils are from the Calabrian, Lower Pleistocene. Molecular studies predict a much younger age for the divergence of modern tiger subspecies at <100 KYA, although their cranial morphology is readily distinguishable, indicating that early Pleistocene tigers would likely have differed markedly anatomically from extant tigers. Such inferences are hampered by the fact that well-known fossil tiger material is middle to late Pleistocene in age. Here we describe a new species of pantherine cat from Longdan, Gansu Province, China, Panthera zdanskyi sp. nov. With an estimated age of 2.55–2.16 MYA it represents the oldest complete skull of a pantherine cat hitherto found. Although smaller, it appears morphologically to be surprisingly similar to modern tigers considering its age. Morphological, morphometric, and cladistic analyses are congruent in confirming its very close affinity to the tiger, and it may be regarded as the most primitive species of the tiger lineage, demonstrating the first unequivocal presence of a modern pantherine species-lineage in the basal stage of the Pleistocene (Gelasian; traditionally considered to be Late Pliocene). This find supports a north-central Chinese origin of the tiger lineage, and demonstrates that various parts of the cranium, mandible, and dentition evolved at different rates. An increase in size and a reduction in the relative size of parts of the dentition appear to have been prominent features of tiger evolution, whereas the distinctive cranial morphology of modern tigers was established very early in their evolutionary history. The evolutionary trend of increasing size in the tiger lineage is likely coupled to the evolution of its primary prey species

Survival regression models with dependent Bayesian nonparametric priors

We present a novel Bayesian nonparametric model for regression in survival analysis. Our model builds on the classical neutral to the right model of Doksum (1974) and on the Cox proportional hazards model of Kim and Lee (2003). The use of a vector of dependent Bayesian nonparametric priors allows us to efficiently model the hazard as a function of covariates whilst allowing nonproportionality. The model can be seen as having competing latent risks. We characterize the posterior of the underlying dependent vector of completely random measures and study the asymptotic behavior of the model. We show how an MCMC scheme can provide Bayesian inference for posterior means and credible intervals. The method is illustrated using simulated and real data

Metabolism of phenol and hydroquinone to reactive products by macrophage peroxidase or purified prostaglandin H synthase.

Macrophages, an important cell-type of the bone marrow stroma, are possible targets of benzene toxicity because they contain relatively large amounts of prostaglandin H synthase (PHS), which is capable of metabolizing phenolic compounds to reactive species. PHS also catalyzes the production of prostaglandins, negative regulators of myelopoiesis. Studies indicate that the phenolic metabolites of benzene are oxidized in bone marrow to reactive products via peroxidases. With respect to macrophages, PHS peroxidase is implicated, as in vivo benzene-induced myelotoxicity is prevented by low doses of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, drugs that inhibit PHS. Incubations of either 14C-phenol or 14C-hydroquinone with a lysate of macrophages collected from mouse peritoneum (greater than 95% macrophages), resulted in an irreversible binding to protein that was dependent upon H2O2, incubation time, and concentration of radiolabel. Production of protein-bound metabolites from phenol or hydroquinone was inhibited by the peroxidase inhibitor aminotriazole. Protein binding from 14C-phenol also was inhibited by 8 microM hydroquinone, whereas binding from 14C-hydroquinone was stimulated by 5 mM phenol. The nucleophile cysteine inhibited protein binding of both phenol and hydroquinone and increased the formation of radiolabeled water-soluble metabolites. Similar to the macrophage lysate, purified PHS also catalyzed the conversion of phenol to metabolites that bound to protein and DNA; this activation was both H2O2- and arachidonic acid-dependent. These results indicate a role for macrophage peroxidase, possibly PHS peroxidase, in the conversion of phenol and hydroquinone to reactive metabolites and suggest that the macrophage should be considered when assessing the hematopoietic toxicity of benzene