Investigation of Combustion Characteristics of a Cottonseed Biodiesel Fuelled Diesel Engine

AbstractDiesel engines are very well known for their high torque and high thermal efficiency. But, the increase in demand of energy, rapid depletion of fossil fuels and meeting the stringent emission regulations, the researchers take interest to derive the alternative fuels from renewable resources. Among from all the different alternative fuels, vegetable oil has potential to substitute the traditional diesel fuels. The well-established transesterification process is generally used for the production of biodiesel from vegetable oil. In transesterification process the tri-glycerides are converted into mono glycerides with the help of alcohol and catalyst under certain temperature. In the present research work cottonseed vegetable oil is used to produce biodiesel by transesterification process using methanol and KOH as catalyst. As diesel engine combustion is heterogeneous spray combustion, it is very complex phenomenon. The physico-chemical properties of biodiesel are slightly different from diesel fuel. It is very interesting to study the combustion characteristics of a cottonseed based biodiesel fuelled diesel engine. This was the main motivation to take up this study to understand and analyze the combustion characteristics of a cottonseed biodiesel fuelled diesel engine. The experiment was carried out on a single cylinder diesel engine for base diesel and cottonseed biodiesel blends (B5, B10, B15, and B20) as a fuel. The combustion characteristics such as ignition delay, start of combustion, premixed, diffusion and after burning combustion phases, end of combustion and combustion duration were analyzed and compared with base diesel. It was observed that ignition delay and maximum rate of pressure rise decreased with biodiesel as compared to base diesel due to higher cetane number of biodiesel blends which confirms the smooth running of the engine. Ignition delay decreased from 11°CA with base diesel to 6.5°CA with B20 biodiesel. The start of combustion was advanced with all biodiesel blends due to higher bulk modulus results in automatic advance in dynamic injection timing and lesser ignition delay. The combustion duration was longer with all biodiesel blends as compared to base diesel due to longer injection duration results in poor performance of the engine with biodiesel blends

Quantification of three macrolide antibiotics in pharmaceutical lots by HPLC: Development, validation and application to a simultaneous separation

A new validated high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with rapid analysis time and high efficiency, for the analysis of erythromycin, azithromycin and spiramycin, under isocratic conditions with ODB RP18 as a stationary phase is described. Using an eluent composed of acetonitrile –2-methyl-2-propanol –hydrogenphosphate buffer, pH 6.5, with 1.5% triethylamine (33:7: up to 100, v/v/v), delivered at a flow-rate of 1.0 mL min-1. Ultra Violet (UV) detection is performed at 210 nm. The selectivity is satisfactory enough and no problematic interfering peaks are observed. The procedure is quantitatively characterized and repeatability, linearity, detection and quantification limits are very satisfactory. The method is applied successfully for the assay of the studied drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms as tablets and powder for oral suspension. Recovery experiments revealed recovery of 97.13–100.28%

IMPLEMENTATION OF XBEE BASED TRANSFORMER MONITORING

With developments in the countries like India, the electrical energy is used widely. With wide increase in the electrical load, the performance monitoring has become a crucial parameters. The transformer being the heart of any electrical system must be monitored for better performance. The performance of any electrical system may deteriorate due to the harmonics. As we know, the harmonics are generally generated due to the nonlinear inductive loads.  Authors have presented the monitoring system for the transformer in this paper. The implementation of the monitoring system is elaborated and the performance is studied by the authors. Voltage, oil level, temperature and current are the major factors to be monitored. The on-line montoring is key facility for improvement of any system

AN OVEREVIEW OF XBEE BASED TRANSFORMER MONITORING

Artificial neural network applications are developed on very wide range in recent years. Development of the cities and industries leads to the need of remote monitoring for devices, processes and systems. X-bee technology was found suitable for two way communication and hence suitable for monitoring of the transformer. The transformer in the faulty conditions will have to be monitored to avoid the effects. The transformers are widely spread in various areas of the countries and hence remote controlled monitoring and protection can’t be avoided. Authors are trying to present an overview of the X-bee technology implemented for the monitoring of the transformer. Monitoring more than one device at a time is the key feature of this technology

Analysis of a combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a CNG-B20 fuelled diesel engine under dual fuel mode

The Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the primary greenhouse gases emitted by various human activities. CO2 is naturally present in the atmosphere as part of carbon cycle. Human activities are altering the carbon cycle by adding or removing CO2 to the atmosphere. The main human activity that emits the CO2 is combustion of fossil fuels for energy and transportation. Compression ignition (CI) engines emit high amount of CO2 emission as it is the end product of complete combustion of hydro carbon fuels. Moreover, they emit higher NOx (nitrogen oxides) and PM (particulate matter) emissions and have higher fuel consumption. In the present study, experimental investigations were carried out on a CI engine under dual fuel mode with biodiesel as a pilot fuel and compressed natural gas (CNG) as a main fuel. The effects of 10 % and 20 % CNG energy shares on performance and emission characteristics of the engine at rated (100%) loads were studied. Experimental results indicate the beneficial of CNG addition on improvement in the engine efficiency, and reduction in NOx and CO2 emissions. The NOx and CO2 emissions decreased by 14.24 % and 30 % respectively at the rated load with biodiesel + CNG (20 % energy share) as compared to base diesel. No knocking combustion was observed during the tests which confirm the smooth operation. The dual fuel operation with combination of CNG-biodiesel is an effective method to reduce NOx and CO2 emissions with an additional benefit of lower specific energy consumption

Study of delayed cord clamping (DCC) versus physiological cord clamping (PCC) in management of child birth

Objectives: To compare the effect of delayed cord clamping (DCC) versus physiological cord clamping (PCC) on third stage of labour and fetal outcome. Methodology: This is arandomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to control group (DCC) receiving cord clamping after 1 minute of delivery of baby and the study group (PCC) receiving cord clamping after delivery of placenta. Maternal and early neonatal outcome was analyzed and compared between the two groups by appropriate statistical test. Result: Baseline maternal characteristics were comparable in both groups. The duration of third stage of labour was higher in PCC, but no significant increase in incidence of PPH, no need of additional uterotonic and no need for blood transfusion was observed. Average FHR was normal in both the groups with FHR at 1 minute higher in PCC group and FHR at 5 minutes higher in DCC group. The fetal temperature was comparable in both groups. The mean Apgar score was higher in PCC group than DCC. Fetal haemoglobin and hematocrit values were also higher in PCC group. Conclusion: PCC is safe, effective and cost-free intervention for neonatal health benefits and should be implemented in the term and pre term infants, even in resource poor settings, where it might offer a sustainable strategy to prevent transient tachypnia of new born (TTA), hypothermia and may prevent long term anemia in new born without increasing the maternal risk of third stage complication

Heat Transfer Enhancement in Heat Exchanger Using Tangential Injector Type Swirl Generator

N this work, the effect of heat transfer enhancement of swirl generator with tangential injection of fluid was examined. The five tangential injectors are placed such that they are equidistance along the length of pipe to improve the efficiency of heat transfer in concentric pipe heat exchanger the injectors are designed and placed such that it creates tangential flow in the pipe. The experiment performed for water as working fluid, hot water flowing through inner tube of material mild steel with inner diameter (ID) 16 mm and outer diameter (OD) 21 mm and cold water flowing through annulus space to generate swirling motion. The outer tube of material UPVC (un-plasticized polyvinyl chloride) having ID 35 mm and OD 42 mm. The experiment was performed for different Reynolds number ranging from 2200- 4600 for parallel and counter flow configurations. It is observed from the experimental results that the heat transfer rate increased with increase in Reynolds number. Heat transfer rate was increased about 20 % to 70 % with tangential injector type swirl generator than the heat exchanger without tangential injectors. It was also observed that the maximum heat transfer coefficients (1613 W/ m2K) could be achieved at Reynolds number of 4600 for all (five) nozzles opening with 70 % increase in heat transfer

Effect of EGR on a sationary VCR diesel engine using cottonseed biodiesel (B20) fuel

This paper presents a view on comparative study of use of diesel fuel with B20 biodieselblend (Diesel (80 %, by vol.) and Cotton seed oil (20 %, by vol.)) derived from Cotton seeds. As higher NOx emission and higher brake specific fuel consumption are main challenges for effective utilization of biodiesel fuel in a diesel engine, there is alarming need to find out the long term solution to reduce NOx emission for better utilization of biodiesel fuel in a diesel engine. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is one of the useful technologies to reduce the NOx emission of a diesel engine. In the present research work test is conducted on 3 KW single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled, variable compression ratio (VCR) computerized diesel engine using diesel and B20 cotton seed biodiesel blend to study the effect of exhaust gas recirculation on performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine in terms of fuel consumption, thermal efficiency and emissions such as hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) of a diesel engine. The constant engine speed of 1500 rpm was maintained through-out the experiment test. The exhaust gas recirculation was varied as 4 % and 6 % at different loading conditions with diesel and B20 biodiesel. The results show that the significant reduction in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) with 4 % and 6 % EGR for B20 whereas marginal increment in CO and HC emissions