4 research outputs found
POTENSI ANTIMIKROBA DARI EKSTRAK DAN FRAKSI SPONS APLYSINA sp. TERHADAP MIKROBA UJI Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus DAN Candida albicans
ABSTRACT Sponge Aplysina sp. is one of the marine biota , which has bioactive compounds that can be used as medicinal ingredients. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial potential of the extracts and fractions of sponge Aplysina sp., against microbes tested of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Aplysina sp., sponge was extracted using maceration method with ethanol solvent and fractionated using methanol, n-hexan and chloroform solvents. To test the antimicrobial activity carried out by disk diffusion agar method and observations carried out 24 hours incubation period, with inhibition zones measured using a digital caliper. The results showed that samples of Aplysina sp., proved to have antimicrobial compounds to inhibit Gram –positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, and Gram- negative bacteria Escherichia coli, with the highest inhibitory zone activity, and found in Gram –positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with measurements of 7,37 mm. Keywords: Sponge Aplysina sp, Antimicrobial, Extraction, Fractionation. ABSTRAK Spons Aplysina sp merupakan salah satu biota laut yang memiliki senyawa bioaktif yang dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi antimikroba dari Ekstrak dan Fraksi Spons Aplysina sp Terhadap Mikroba Uji Echerichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, dan Candida albicans. Spons Aplysina sp diekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol dan difraksinasi menggunakan pelarut methanol, n-hexan, dan Kloroform. Untuk pengujian aktivitas antimikroba dilakukan dengan metode difusi agar dan pengamatan dilakukan 1x24 jam masa inkubasi, dengan zona hambat diukur menggunakan digital caliper. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sampel Spons Aplysina sp terbukti memiliki senyawa antimikroba untuk menghambat bakteri Gram positif Staphylococcus aureus dan bakteri Gram negatif Echerichia coli, dengan aktivitas zona hambat tertinggi, terdapat pada bakteri Gram positif Staphylococcus aureus dengan hasil pengukuran 7,37 mm. Kata Kunci : Spons Aplysina sp, Antimikroba, Ekstraksi, Fraksinasi
Perspectives of nurses' role in interprofessional pharmaceutical care across 14 European countries: A qualitative study in pharmacists, physicians and nurses.
OBJECTIVES: To understand healthcare professionals' experiences and perceptions of nurses' potential or ideal roles in pharmaceutical care (PC). DESIGN: Qualitative study conducted through semi-structured in-depth interviews. SETTING: Between December 2018 and October 2019, interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals of 14 European countries in four healthcare settings: hospitals, community care, mental health and long-term residential care. PARTICIPANTS: In each country, pharmacists, physicians and nurses in each of the four settings were interviewed. Participants were selected on the basis that they were key informants with broad knowledge and experience of PC. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: All interviews were conducted face to face. Each country conducted an initial thematic analysis. Consensus was reached through a face-to-face discussion of all 14 national leads. RESULTS: 340 interviews were completed. Several tasks were described within four potential nursing responsibilities, that came up as the analysis themes, being: 1) monitoring therapeutic/adverse effects of medicines, 2) monitoring medicines adherence, 3) decision making on medicines, including prescribing 4) providing patient education/information. Nurses' autonomy varied across Europe, from none to limited to a few tasks and emergencies to a broad range of tasks and responsibilities. Intended level of autonomy depended on medicine types and level of education. Some changes are needed before nursing roles can be optimised and implemented in practice. Lack of time, shortage of nurses, absence of legal frameworks and limited education and knowledge are main threats to European nurses actualising their ideal role in PC. CONCLUSIONS: European nurses have an active role in PC. Respondents reported positive impacts on care quality and patient outcomes when nurses assumed PC responsibilities. Healthcare professionals expect nurses to report observations and assessments. This key patient information should be shared and addressed by the interprofessional team. The study evidences the need of a unique and consensus-based PC framework across Europe