Static & Thermal Analysis of Piston for Single Cylinder Diesel Engine by Ansys : A Review

The main objective of this present research work is to investigate and analyze the stresses which are acting on the piston. The parameter which is used for analysis is temperature, operating pressure and properties of materials. Piston in internal combustion engine play most important role because it transfers the force which is produced during the combustion of fuel to crankshaft due to which it converts the pressure energy into mechanical energy. Piston fails due to thermal and mechanical stresses which are produced under the running condition of engine. The boundary conditions are applied for static and thermal analysis which includes pressure on piston head during working period and uneven temperature distributions occurs from head of piston to skirt of piston. The 3D-model will be created using SOLIDWORKS2018.the 3D model will be imported in the Ansys software for geometry and meshing purposes then the FEM Analysis will be done on ANSYS software. Analysis will help to change the existing design for reduce the weight. Finite Element Analysis is the best method for analyzing the stresses in piston

Bioactivity and Antibacterial Effects of Ag-Ca-P Doped PEO Titania Coatings

Implant centered infections remain as one of the main complications associated with the use of biomedical implants. These infections can be avoided with the development of bactericidal coatings that prevent bacterial contamination since the very early stage of implantation. However, a multifunctional coating should inhibit bacterial contamination without generating cytotoxic responses. To achieve this purpose, this work presents a comparative evaluation of coatings with different concentrations of Ag. Coatings containing silver, calcium and phosphorous were obtained by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and its bactericidal activity and cytotoxicity were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and adipose derived stem cells (ADSC), respectively. Silver, calcium and phosphorous were successfully incorporated in the coatings and silver has not affected the coating morphology nor the crystalline structure. ADSC viability was unaltered by cell growth over the surfaces, despite the observation of thinner cells on coatings with higher silver content. After 24 h of incubation, bactericidal activity was observed in coatings with more than 0.6 % at. Ag incorporated, while coatings with 0.2 % at. Ag presented an increased bacterial proliferation indicating a hormetic response. Thus, Ag-CaP-TiO2 coating could be a potential solution for the prevention of implant infections

Selective targeting of microglia by quantum dots

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, have been implicated in brain injury and various neurological disorders. However, their precise roles in different pathophysiological situations remain enigmatic and may range from detrimental to protective. Targeting the delivery of biologically active compounds to microglia could help elucidate these roles and facilitate the therapeutic modulation of microglial functions in neurological diseases.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Here we employ primary cell cultures and stereotaxic injections into mouse brain to investigate the cell type specific localization of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) in vitro and in vivo. Two potential receptors for QDs are identified using pharmacological inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In mixed primary cortical cultures, QDs were selectively taken up by microglia; this uptake was decreased by inhibitors of clathrin-dependent endocytosis, implicating the endosomal pathway as the major route of entry for QDs into microglia. Furthermore, inhibiting mannose receptors and macrophage scavenger receptors blocked the uptake of QDs by microglia, indicating that QD uptake occurs through microglia-specific receptor endocytosis. When injected into the brain, QDs were taken up primarily by microglia and with high efficiency. In primary cortical cultures, QDs conjugated to the toxin saporin depleted microglia in mixed primary cortical cultures, protecting neurons in these cultures against amyloid beta-induced neurotoxicity.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These findings demonstrate that QDs can be used to specifically label and modulate microglia in primary cortical cultures and in brain and may allow for the selective delivery of therapeutic agents to these cells.</p

Contralateral Axillary Metastasis in Breast Carcinoma: Case Report and Review of Literature

The clinical dilemma of management of isolated contralateral axillary metastasis (CAM) in carcinoma breast remains unsolved. We report a case of metachronous contralateral left axillary metastasis in a 54-year-old postmenopausal woman, its management, and review of literature. After ruling out distant metastasis and occult primary in the opposite breast, curative treatment was planned. She underwent left axillary lymph node dissection which on histopathology showed metastatic carcinoma. Management of CAM with curative or palliative intent and whether to consider them as locoregional or distant metastasis remains controversial. CAM may occur due to the locoregional spread of disease, and hence, curative intent of treatment should be offered to these patients

Splenic artery aneurysm rupture in pregnancy: a learning experience

Splenic artery aneurysm (SAA) is a rare clinical entity that carries a risk of rupture and life threatening hemorrhage. The objective of this clinical case report is to highlight this rare occurrence during pregnancy to avoid misdiagnosis. A 25 year old primigravida in her 3rd trimester of pregnancy was brought to trauma and emergency care with severe epigastric pain with rapid onset of unexplained shock. The shock was out of proportion to external or visible blood loss or any other injury. She was taken for emergency laparotomy. Intra-operatively, hemoperitoneum was encountered in peritoneal cavity due to ruptured splenic artery aneurysm. Massive transfusion protocol was activated and aneurysmectomy with splenectomy was performed. Post operatively, the patient was transferred to intensive care unit. Unfortunately, the patient succumbed due to complications of irreversible shock. Pregnant women with SAA can present with non-specific symptoms and hypovolemic shock. In such cases of hemorrhage, obstetricians should always keep in mind the other non-obstetric causes of intra-abdominal bleeding.

A rare case of acute lower limb ischemia following bee sting

Bee sting entails allergic reaction that can be severe, sometimes even lethal as seen in our case report. These reactions can occur immediately after being stung. We report a case with arterial occlusion and severe ischemia in the lower limb a few hours after multiple bee stings. A 67-year-old male, a known case of hypertension and diabetes mellitus since 15 years and recently diagnosed with hypothyroidism, presented to the emergency department with multiple bee stings all over the body. Hence, he had developed bilateral lower limb edema with blackening of the left foot, which was gradually progressive in nature. Pedal pulsation were not palpable. After emergency treatment patient was subjected to Computed Tomography Angiography , suggestive of bilateral thrombotic occlusion of distal third of anterior tibial artery, posterior tibial artery and dorsalis pedis artery .patient was treated with systemic thrombolytic therapy and Anticoagulation

Fibroblast functionality on novel Ti-30Ta nanotube array

In this study, the mechanical substrate and topographical surface properties of anodized Ti - 30Ta alloy were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and contact angle measurement. The anodization process was performed in an electrolyte solution containing HE (48%) and H2SO4 (98%) in the volumetric ratios 1:9 with the addition of 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 15 V, 25 V and 35 V for 20 and 40 min, producing a nanotube architecture when anodized at 35 V for 40 min. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDF, neonatal) were utilized to evaluate the biocompatibility of Ti - 30Ta nanotubes and Ti - 30Ta alloy after 1 and 3 days of culture. Cellular adhesion, proliferation, viability, cytoskeletal organization and morphology were investigated using fluorescence microscope imaging, biochemical assay and SEM imaging respectively. The results presented identify altered material properties and improved cellular interaction on Ti - 30Ta nanotubes as compared to Ti - 30 Ta alloy. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Reduced in vitro immune response on titania nanotube arrays compared to titanium surface

Material surfaces that provide biomimetic cues, such as nanoscale architectures, have been shown to alter cell/biomaterial interactions. Recent studies have identified titania nanotube arrays as strong candidates for use in interfaces on implantable devices due to their ability to elicit improved cellular functionality. However, limited information exists regarding the immune response of nanotube arrays. Thus, in this study, we have investigated the short- and long-term immune cell reaction of titania nanotube arrays. Whole blood lysate (containing leukocytes, thrombocytes and trace amounts of erythrocytes), isolated from human blood, were cultured on titania nanotube arrays and biomedical grade titanium (as a control) for 2 hours and 2 and 7 days. In order to determine the in vitro immune response on titania nanotube arrays, immune cell functionality was evaluated by cellular viability, adhesion, proliferation, morphology, cytokine/chemokine expression, with and without lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and nitric oxide release. The results presented in this study indicate a decrease in short- and long-term monocyte, macrophage and neutrophil functionality on titania nanotube arrays as compared to the control substrate. This work shows a reduced stimulation of the immune response on titania nanotube arrays, identifying this specific nanoarchitecture as a potentially optimal interface for implantable biomedical devices. © 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry

Palladium-Catalyzed Serendipitous Synthesis of Arylglyoxylic Amides from Arylglyoxylates and <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>‑Dialkylamides in the Presence of Halopyridines

A palladium-catalyzed synthesis of arylglyoxylic amides by the reaction of arylglyoxylates and <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dialkylamides in the presence of a 2,3-dihalopyridine has been realized for the first time. An anticipated 2,3-diaroylpyridine did not form in this reaction. The current study unveils an unprecedented role of 2,3-dihalopyridine toward this amidation. Our mechanistic study reveals that the arylglyoxylate could react with halopyridine to form a traceless activated pyridyl ester of arylglyoxylic acid, which upon subsequent reaction with amino surrogate, <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dialkylamides could form the arylglyoxylic amides