Life-long Programming Implications of Exposure to Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine Before and Soon After Birth: Evidence for Altered Lung Development

Tobacco smoking during pregnancy remains common, especially in indigenous communities, and likely contributes to respiratory illness in exposed offspring. It is now well established that components of tobacco smoke, notably nicotine, can affect multiple organs in the fetus and newborn, potentially with life-long consequences. Recent studies have shown that nicotine can permanently affect the developing lung such that its final structure and function are adversely affected; these changes can increase the risk of respiratory illness and accelerate the decline in lung function with age. In this review we discuss the impact of maternal smoking on the lungs and consider the evidence that smoking can have life-long, programming consequences for exposed offspring. Exposure to maternal tobacco smoking and nicotine intake during pregnancy and lactation changes the genetic program that controls the development and aging of the lungs of the offspring. Changes in the conducting airways and alveoli reduce lung function in exposed offspring, rendering the lungs more susceptible to obstructive lung disease and accelerating lung aging. Although it is generally accepted that prevention of maternal smoking during pregnancy and lactation is essential, current knowledge of the effects of nicotine on lung development does not support the use of nicotine replacement therapy in this group

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Not AvailableHigher education is a service that contributes to national development, integration and regional cohesion. Agricultural education in particular has been viewed in many developing countries as a significant contributor to sustainable development and poverty alleviation. In view of its public mandate, higher education in most countries is regulated by competent bodies. However, higher education is also a service recognized under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It is therefore subject to WTO's essential principles of promoting trade liberalization, market access and equitable treatment to all participants. But very little is known about the consequences of free trade in educational services. Also it is difficult to define which educational services are strictly commercial and which are public services. As a result, application of GATS can lead to disputes, unless the definitions are clear and international standards are in place, as in the case of other WTO agreements such as TRIPS, SPS and TBT. The present paper assesses the implications of application of the provisions of GATS to higher education in general and agricultural education in particular, with respect to Indian regulatory mechanisms for agricultural education. International scenarios of application of GATS in higher education and relevant policy issues for India as perceived by the faculty members of agricultural universities are discussed. The purpose is to initiate a fruitful debate at various national forums that can inform national policy and take advantage of the opportunities provided under GATS, while ensuring that national interests are kept in perspective.ICARIndian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)NAAR

Profiling system-wide variations and similarities between Rheumatic Heart Disease and Acute Rheumatic Fever-A pilot analysis.

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) continues to affect developing countries with low income due to the lack of resources and effective diagnostic techniques. Understanding the genetic basis common to both the diseases and that of progression from its prequel disease state, Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF), would aid in developing predictive biomarkers and improving patient care. To gain system-wide molecular insights into possible causes for progression, in this pilot study, we collected blood transcriptomes from ARF (5) and RHD (5) patients. Using an integrated transcriptome and network analysis approach, we identified a subnetwork comprising the most significantly differentially expressed genes and most perturbed pathways in RHD compared to ARF. For example, the chemokine signaling pathway was seen to be upregulated, while tryptophan metabolism was found to be downregulated in RHD. The subnetworks of variation between the two conditions provide unbiased molecular-level insights into the host processes that may be linked with the progression of ARF to RHD, which has the potential to inform future diagnostics and therapeutic strategies. We also found a significantly raised neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in both ARF and RHD cohorts. Activated neutrophils and inhibited Natural Killer cell gene signatures reflected the drivers of the inflammatory process typical to both disease conditions

Solarização do solo com filmes plásticos com e sem aditivo estabilizador de luz ultravioleta Soil solarization with plastic films with and without UV light stabilizers

Visando auxiliar na escolha de filmes plásticos adequados para a solarização, dois experimentos foram instalados em Mogi das Cruzes e Piracicaba (SP), em janeiro e fevereiro de 2000. Três tipos de filmes plásticos transparentes de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD), com 100 mm de espessura, produzidos pela empresa Nortène Plásticos Ltda., foram testados: a) FES, filme estufa super tricarpa super aditivado, com aditivo estabilizador de luz ultravioleta (baseado em aminas estericamente impedidas); b) FSOL, filme para solarização produzido com metade da quantidade do mesmo aditivo e c) LT, lona plástica transparente, sem aditivo, além de uma testemunha sem cobertura plástica, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Após a retirada dos plásticos foi conduzida uma safra de alface em ambos os locais. Foi realizada análise química dos solos e das plantas colhidas, além de avaliada a infestação por plantas daninhas e a massa fresca das plantas colhidas. Em Piracicaba também foram realizadas análises microbiológicas dos solos e determinada a viabilidade de Pythium aphanidermattum. Em Mogi das Cruzes foi avaliada a incidência de podridão de esclerotínia, causada por Sclerotinia minor. As temperaturas médias registradas, a 10 cm de profundidade, nos solos sob os diferentes filmes plásticos foram semelhantes, de 44-41ºC nos solos solarizados e de 33,9-30,2ºC nos solos não solarizados de Piracicaba e Mogi das Cruzes, respectivamente. Detectou-se aumento na massa fresca das plantas colhidas nas parcelas solarizadas, de 49% em Piracicaba e 24% em Mogi das Cruzes, independente do plástico testado. Nos dois locais também houve drástica redução na infestação por plantas daninhas nas áreas solarizadas. Nas análises microbianas não foram verificadas alterações na liberação de CO2, no carbono da biomassa microbiana, no quociente metabólico e no número total de bactérias. O número de fungos foi menor nos tratamentos com plástico contendo aditivo. A viabilidade de P. aphanidermatum foi reduzida em todos os tratamentos solarizados, independente do plástico utilizado. Houve aumento no pH, na saturação por bases (V%) e nos teores de NH4+ (190%), Mn (94,6%) e Mg2+ (18%), dos solos solarizados. Também as plantas de alface colhidas nessas parcelas apresentaram maiores teores de Zn (43%), Mg2+ (12%) e K+ (4%). Em Mogi das Cruzes foram observados aumentos nos teores de Mn (236%) e Cu (18%) nos solos solarizados e nas plantas colhidas nesses tratamentos (aumento de 99% para Mn e de 27% para Cu). A incidência da podridão de esclerotínia foi reduzida de 27,7% na testemunha para índices inferiores a 1% nas parcelas solarizadas com os diferentes filmes plásticos. O plástico sem aditivo estabilizador de luz ultravioleta partiu-se durante ambos os experimentos, após 60 e 90 dias de exposição ao ambiente, sendo considerado inadequado para a solarização, mas não houve diferença entre os plásticos para nenhum atributo avaliado.<br>Three plastic films [low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic films, 100 mm thick, produced by Nortène Plásticos Ltda] were evaluated in their adequacy for soil solarization:. a) LDPE with UV light stabilizer additive, based on hindered amine; b) LDPE with half load of the same additive, c) without additive, and d) a control treatment without plastic mulch. Two experiments were set up from January to February 2000, in Mogi das Cruzes and Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil. After solarization, a lettuce crop was grown in both experiments. Chemical analyses were performed in soil samples and in the harvested lettuce heads of all plots. Weed infestation and the fresh weight of the harvested lettuce heads were assessed. In Piracicaba the soils were analyzed for microbiological properties and the viability of Pythium aphanidermatum was evaluated. In Mogi das Cruzes incidence of lettuce drop, caused by Sclerotinia minor, was assessed. The mean soil temperature under the different plastic films, at 10 cm soil depth, was similar during the treatment, between 44 and 41ºC in the solarized soils of Piracicaba and Mogi das Cruzes, respectively and of 33.9 and 30.2ºC in the uncovered soils from both places. An increase in plant growth of about 49% in Piracicaba and 24% in Mogi das Cruzes was detected, regardless of the kind of plastic applied. A great reduction in weed infestation was observed in all solarized plots of the two experiments, for all plastic films. The microbial analysis of the soils showed no changes in CO2 evolution, biomass C, metabolic quotient, and the number of bacteria. The number of fungi was smaller in the treatments with plastic films containing UV stabilizer, whereas the viability of P. aphanidermatum was reduced in all solarized treatments. Increases in pH, V%, and in the concentrations of NH4+ (190%), Mn (94.6%) and Mg2+ (18%) were observed in the solarized soils. Lettuce plants from the solarized plots showed higher levels of Zn (43%), Mg2+ (12%) and K+ (4%). In Mogi das Cruzes solarization caused an increase in the concentrations of Mn (236%) and Cu (18%) in the soil and in the lettuce plants collected in these plots (increases of 99% in Mn and 27% in Cu levels). Reduction in lettuce drop incidence from 27.7% for control plots to less than 1% in the solarized soils with all plastic films was observed in Mogi das Cruzes. The plastic film without additive tended to splinter at the end of the field trials, after 60 and 90 days of exposure to the environment and was considered inadequate to use for solarization. There was no difference between the plastic films in relation to all analyzed variables