Pirolisis Kayu Cemara (Casuarina Equisetifolia) Menjadi Bio-Oil dengan Menggunakan Katalis NiMo/Lempung

The basic of national energy problem this era is consumtion of fossil energy that increase rapidly which not equal with source of fossil energy itself. Requirement for the source of energy which increasing and petroleum reserve as source of primary energy which continuing attenuate to become the main reason for the importance of searching for alternative energy sources instead of petroleum. Biomass specially pine wood only considered as waste that pollutes the environment, whereas the pine bark is biomass that can be processed to become alternative energy that is bio-oil. Bio-oil can be produced through pyrolisis process using catalyst NiMo/clay. This research aim to study the effect of the ratio of amount of catalyst to biomass which have variation of 3%, 6% and 9% w/w respectively and also the effect of NiMo metal consentrate on clay equal to 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% w /w respectively of the yield bio-oil produced. In this research, pine bark biomass as muches 50 grams with particle size of -100+200 mesh, silinap 500 ml, and catalyst NiMo/clay placed into pyrolisis reactor. Process of pyrolisis is conducted at temperature 320 oC and stirring speed of 300 rpm during 120 minute with stream of nitrogen gas (N2) as inert gas. The result obtained indicated that optimum yield obtained at 2% catalyst NiMo/clay as much as 9% of biomass that is equal to 51,102%. Physical properties test result obtained that is density (1,0429 gr/ml), viscosity (9,307 cSt), acid number (22,470 mg of NaOH/gr of sample) and flash point (53 oC) respectively. Result of chemical analysis with GC-MS, obtained the dominant chemical components in bio-oil are Cyclohexane, Cyclohexanone, Pentane, 1-Pentene, 2-Pentene

Kinetic and Theoretical Study of Removal Gentian Violet from Aqueous Solution Using Stachy Plant

     The main parameters and methods influencing the removal of Gentian Violet (GV) dye from aqueous media were investigated using a stachy plant in this study. The surface of the stachy plant was determined using FTIR spectra. Adsorption is influenced by the adsorbent's characteristic groups. The research took into account the usual conditions for GV dye adsorption by the stachy plant, such as the impact of contact time. Mass dosage , after 0.3 g the amount of adsorbed dye declines. Study pH and ionic strength, the results obtained showed that at pH 3 the largest adsorption of (GV) was seen, while at pH 9, the lowest adsorption was observed  at 298 K, the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium constants were achieved, and the equilibrium data was fitted using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were used to investigate the adsorption process of gentian violet. The adsorption kinetics was discovered to be governed by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0. 0.9943. Study the theoretical electrostatics of Gentian Violet dye was measured and plotted as a 2D and 3D contour and the program hyperchem-8.07 was used for semi-empirical and molecular mechanic calculations in the gas phase to estimate the total energy

Smoke-free legislation and child health

In this paper, we aim to present an overview of the scientific literature on the link between smoke-free legislation and early-life health outcomes. Exposure to second-hand smoke is responsible for an estimated 166 ,000 child deaths each year worldwide. To protect people from tobacco smoke, the World Health Organization recommends the implementation of comprehensive smoke-free legislation that prohibits smoking in all public indoor spaces, including workplaces, bars and restaurants. The implementation of such legislation has been found to reduce tobacco smoke exposure, encourage people to quit smoking and improve adult health outcomes. There is an increasing body of evidence that shows that children also experience health benefits after implementation of smoke-free legislation. In addition to protecting children from tobacco smoke in public, the link between smoke-free legislation and improved child health is likely to be mediated via a decline in smoking during pregnancy and reduced exposure in the home environment. Recent studies have found that the implementation of smoke-free legislation is associated with a substantial decrease in the number of perinatal deaths, preterm births and hospital attendance for respiratory tract infections and asthma in children, although such benefits are not found in each study. With over 80% of the world’s population currently unprotected by comprehensive smoke-free laws, protecting (unborn) children from the adverse impact of tobacco smoking and SHS exposure holds great potential to benefit public health and should therefore be a key priority for policymakers and health workers alike

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

A 6-y retrospective cohort study of family satisfaction with critical care and decision-making in an Australian intensive care unit

Background: Partnering with patients and families to make decisions about care needs is a safety and quality standard in Australian health services that is often not assessed systematically. Objective: The objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate satisfaction with care and involvement in decision-making among family members of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis of a satisfaction survey administered to family members of patients admitted to an ICU in an Australian metropolitan tertiary care hospital from 2014 to 2019 was conducted. The Family Satisfaction in the Intensive Care Unit questionnaire (FSICU) questionnaire was used to assess overall satisfaction, satisfaction with care, and satisfaction with decision-making on a scale from “poor” (0) to “excellent” (100). Results: In total, 1322 family members fully completed the survey. Respondents were typically direct relatives of ICU patients (94.2%) with an average age of 52.6 years. Most patients had an ICU length of stay <7 d (56.8%), with most patients being discharged to the ward (96.8%). The overall mean satisfaction score was high among respondents (90.26%). Similarly, mean satisfaction with care (93.06%) and decision-making (89.71%) scores were high. Satisfaction with decision-making scores remained lower than satisfaction with care scores. Multivariable modeling indicated that those younger than 50 years reported higher satisfaction scores (p = 0.006) and those with prolonged lengths of stay in the ICU were associated with lower overall satisfaction scores (p = 0.039). Despite some criticism of waiting times and noise levels, responses showed sincere gratitude for patients’ treatment in the ICU and appreciation for the care, skill, and professionalism of the staff. Conclusion: Very high satisfaction levels were reported by family members during this study. Routine, prospective evaluations of family member satisfaction with ICU experiences are feasible and can be leveraged to provide insight for clinicians and administrators seeking to improve family satisfaction with decision-making and care in ICU settings and meet national standards

Assessing the geochemical variability of oil shale in the Attarat Um Ghudran deposit, Jordan

The Cretaceous to Palaeogene oil shale (OS) of Jordan is predominantly calcareous mudstone with intervals of mostly siliceous minerals, quartz and cristobalite–tridymite. Oil shale is rich in organic sulphur and trace elements. According to preliminary micropalaeontological data, the OS succession of the studied area, the south-central part of the Attarat Um Ghudran (AUG) deposit in central Jordan, is of Maastrichtian age. A representative collection of 392 samples from 9 drill cores reliably characterizes the sequence of the OS seam, on average 70 m thick. The composition of AUG OS varies significantly. The major compounds CaO and SiO2 range within 3–70 wt% and 10–50 wt%, respectively, and also the contents of organic matter, MgO, P2O5, Al2O3 and S change. The concentrations of metals (especially Zn, V, Cr, Ni and Mo) change many dozens of times in the cross section. The aim of our statistical analysis was to determine the most significant OS types and their positions in the OS sequence. Two multivariate statistical analysis methods, principal components analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering of PCA groups, gave an interpretable result. Four principal components account for 88.6% of data variability. Variation in six main chemical components or groups of components is reflected in parameters of the four principal components. The component PC1 accounts for 47% of the data variance, expressing the highest correlation with organic matter, S, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mo, and PC2 accounts for 22.82% of the data variability, being strongly correlated with TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2 and K2O and negatively correlated with CaO. The next two significant component groups express covariance with CaO and MgO. The applied statistical analysis proves to be a powerful tool for the interpretation of the chemically variable structure of the OS unit when using a representative enough sample collection. In the complex study of the OS unit, variation in the chemical composition is of interest, especially in the context of genetic and mining aspects

Centimetre-scale variability of redox-sensitive elements in Tremadocian black shales from the eastern Baltic Palaeobasin

The high-resolution study of vertical geochemical variability of shallow-water Tremadocian black shales of the Türisalu Formation targeted two drill core sections from Suur-Pakri Island, NW Estonia. Altogether 374 samples from 4.6 m thick shale were analysed by XRF. The metalliferous and organic-rich black shales revealed significant centimetre-scale variation in the concentration of redox-sensitive trace metals – U, Mo and V. The V profiles show cyclic variations in half a metre- to metre-scale and the strongest correlation with loss on ignition (LOI) 500 °C (interpreted to reflect organic matter abundance). The abundance of Mo presents high values near the lower and upper contacts of black shale and otherwise moderate covariance with LOI. The distribution of U is not coupled with LOI, being characterized by irregular local enrichment anomalies in the profiles of both sections. This suggests that sequestration of U may have been time-dependent and possibly favoured by dissimilatory U-reduction at the sediment–water interface under iron-reducing conditions. Significant depositional variability of the studied organic-rich muds apparently supported dynamic physicochemical and biological microenvironments at the sediment–water interface and thus temporally and spatially diversified the paths and efficiency of synsedimentary redox-sensitive trace element enrichment