Determinants of Borrowing Behaviour of Farmers – A Comparative Study of Commercial and Co-operative Banks

The preference of farmers between commercial and co-operative banks for borrowing has been studied with the objectives of finding (a) distribution of institutional credit across various categories of farmers and to assess the coverage and quantum of credit, and (b) socio-economic factors which affect the borrowing behaviour of farmers towards commercial and co-operative banks. In the study, based on 100 farmer borrowers, the discriminant analysis has been carried out. The study has offered some suggestions also for a better access of farmers to institutional credit.Agricultural and Food Policy,

Stochastic resonance with different periodic forces in overdamped two coupled anharmonic oscillators

We study the stochastic resonance phenomenon in the overdamped two coupled anharmonic oscillators with Gaussian noise and driven by different external periodic forces. We consider (i) sine, (ii) square, (iii) symmetric saw-tooth, (iv) asymmetric saw-tooth, (v) modulus of sine and (vi) rectified sinusoidal forces. The external periodic forces and Gaussian noise term are added to one of the two state variables of the system. The effect of each force is studied separately. In the absence of noise term, when the amplitude $f$ of the applied periodic force is varied cross-well motion is realized above a critical value ($f_{\mathrm{c}}$) of $f$. This is found for all the forces except the modulus of sine and rectified sinusoidal forces.Stochastic resonance is observed in the presence of noise and periodic forces. The effect of different forces is compared. The logarithmic plot of mean residence time $\tau_{\mathrm{MR}}$ against $1/(D - D_{\mathrm{c}})$ where $D$ is the intensity of the noise and $D_{\mathrm{c}}$ is the value of $D$ at which cross-well motion is initiated shows a sharp knee-like structure for all the forces. Signal-to-noise ratio is found to be maximum at the noise intensity $D=D_{\mathrm{max}}$ at which mean residence time is half of the period of the driving force for the forces such as sine, square, symmetric saw-tooth and asymmetric saw-tooth waves. With modulus of sine wave and rectified sine wave, the $SNR$ peaks at a value of $D$ for which sum of $\tau_{MR}$ in two wells of the potential of the system is half of the period of the driving force. For the chosen values of $f$ and $\omega$, signal-to-noise ratio is found to be maximum for square wave while it is minimum for modulus of sine and rectified sinusoidal waves.Comment: 13 figures,27 page

Efficient Method of Pitch Estimation for Speech Signal Using MATLAB

In this paper, we are estimating the pitch of telephone speech signal. We use different types of methods such us, Burg, Covariance, Fast Fourier transform, Modified Covariance, Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm or Eigen vector, Multi Taper method (MTM), Welch, and Yule Auto Regressive (Yule AR) , to estimate the PSD using signal processing tool box of MATLAB. The spectrum was constructed and the pitch ,amplitude , and slope of the speech signal were calculated and their performance were analyzed

Machine Learning based Early Stage Identification of Liver Tumor using Ultrasound Images

Liver cancer is one of the most malignant diseases and its diagnosis requires more computational time. It can be minimized by applying a Machine learning algorithm for the diagnosis of cancer. The existing machine learning technique uses only the color-based methods to classify images which are not efficient. So, it is proposed to use texture-based classification for diagnosis. The input image is resized and pre-processed by Gaussian filters. The features are extracted by applying Gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and Local binary pattern (LBP in the preprocessed image. The Local Binary Pattern (LBP) is an efficient texture operator which labels the pixels of an image by thresholding the neighborhood of each pixel and considers the result as a binary number. The extracted features are classified by multi-support vector machine (Multi SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) algorithms. The Advantage of combining SVM with KNN is that SVM measures a large number of values whereas KNN accurately measures point values. The results obtained from the proposed techniques achieved high precision, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity than the existing method

Vibrational and stochastic resonances in two coupled overdamped anharmonic oscillators

We study the overdamped version of two coupled anharmonic oscillators under the influence of both low- and high-frequency forces respectively and a Gaussian noise term added to one of the two state variables of the system. The dynamics of the system is first studied in the presence of both forces separately without noise. In the presence of only one of the forces, no resonance behaviour is observed, however, hysteresis happens there. Then the influence of the high-frequency force in the presence of a low-frequency, i.e. biharmonic forcing, is studied. Vibrational resonance is found to occur when the amplitude of the high-frequency force is varied. The resonance curve resembles a stochastic resonance-like curve. It is maximum at the value of $g$ at which the orbit lies in one well during one half of the drive cycle of the low-frequency force and in the other for the remaining half cycle. Vibrational resonance is characterized using the response amplitude and mean residence time. We show the occurrence of stochastic resonance behaviour in the overdamped system by replacing the high-frequency force by Gaussian noise. Similarities and differences between both types of resonance are presented.Comment: 22 pages, 13 figure

INVITRO ANTI - MICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF HERBALFORMULATION (SEETHABEDHI VADAGAM)

Siddha system of medicine is the most primitive medicinal system, a source for relief from illness. Medicinal plants represent a rich source of antimicrobial agents. The present study was taken to investigate the in vitro-anti microbial activity of herbal drug Seethabedhi vadagam indicated for all types of Dysentery, which is the traditional Siddha polyherbal formulation. In children dysentery is major risk factor for malnutrion and death. Disc diffusion method was used for invitro antibacterial screening, zones of inhibition were observed in disc diffusion for anti-microbial investigation against gram positive and gram negative pathogenic bacteria. Different concentrations of drugs were used to see the antimicrobial activity. The present study revealed that maximum growth of inhibition and effectiveness was remarkably observed in the extracts of Seethabedhi Vadagam. These results indicate that Seethabedhi Vadagam have potential antibacterial activity against E.coli and B.subtilis

ANTI-HISTAMINIC ACTIVITY OF UTHAMANI CHOORANAM (PERGULARIA DAEMIA) AGAINST HISTAMINE INDUCED PAW OEDEMA IN RATS

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing, pruritic, inflammatory skin disease in children associated with personal or family history of other atopic disease like asthma, allergic rhinitis. Clinically characterized by itching, dryness, erythema, vesiculation, exudation and lichenification etc. The present treatment for AD in modern science is steroids or calcinueurin inhibitors. But repeated course of steroids can cause immuno suppression and growth retardation. The drugs in Siddha system of medicine is well known for their effectiveness and less toxicity. One such medicine is Uthamani Chooranam (UC) indicated for AD. The activity of UC was studied by using histamine induced paw oedema in rats by phenylbutazone. Exposure of rats hind paw to histamine resulted in marked increase of paw tissue weight and skin thickness. After oral administration of UC at various dose levels of 200mg/kg and 400mg/ kg reduce the paw volume when compared to control group. The present studies shown the Siddha drug UC is significantly reduce the paw oedema and this study supports the anti-histamine effect of UC

Linear and non-linear regression analysis for the sorption kinetics of Rhodamine dye from aqueous solution using Chitosan-Jackfruit nanocomposite

This paper presents experimental results such as the adsorbate-adsorbent chemical properties and chemical interaction as well as adsorption conditions. The experimental results were fitted to batch kinetic studies to obtain the characteristic parameters of each model. According to the evaluation using the Kinetic equation, the maximum sorption capacity at dye concentration was 19.6 (mg g-1), pH 11.6 (mg g-1) and temperature 24.2 (mg g-1) Rhodamine dye were investigated. For all of the systems studied, the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order model provided the best correlation of the kinetic experimental data. The results revealed that with increasing temperature and decreasing pH, ionic strength, and adsorbate concentration, dye removal efficiency has increased. Chitosan-Jackfruit nanocomposite could remove 90.2% dye from the solution containing 40 mg/L dye at 100 min. The results indicated that dye removal followed pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2>0.99). According to the findings, Chitosan-Jackfruit nanocomposites an effective adsorbent for direct dye removal from wastewater

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Antibacterial Studies by Iron Oxide Nanoparticles using Carica papaya Leaf Extract

In present years, the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) has established excessive potential in biological applications due to their non-toxic role in biological systems, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Ongoing research efforts focused on IONPs in the expansion of novel technologies as they can be synthesized with surface modification. Here we have studied the antibacterial effects of IONPs which were synthesized effectively through a green synthesis route by using leaf extract of the Carica papaya plant. The formation of IONPs was confirmed by the color change. The crystallinity of IONPs was determined by XRD and the morphology by using SEM, which showed spherical particles of well-dispersed size. The absorption peak was determined by UV–vis spectroscopy at 390 nm. Average particle size distribution was obtained at 56 nm using PSA.  FL spectroscopy indicated the higher emission wavelength by redshift at 641.6 nm. TGA showed that the IONPs are thermally stable up to 200⁰C with no decomposition. The outcome would pave a way for utilizing IONPs for better biomedical application

Synthesis of Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles: Characterization and its Biomedical Application

In the present time, Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (IOMNPs) have paid considerable attention due to their exclusive applications in terms of surface-to-volume ratio, superparamagnetism, high surface area, biosensor, bio-separation, catalysis, and biomedicine. Our goal was to synthesis iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles by chemical route technique. The preparation method had a very large effect on the size, shape, and surface chemistry of the magnetic nanoparticles including their applications. The iron chloride solution was prepared by mixing deionized water with iron chloride tetrahydrate. The synthesized powder was characterized by XRD, UV-vis, SEM, FT-IR, DLS, FL, and TGA techniques. Moreover, antibacterial activity was evaluated using the synthesized IOMNPs against Escherichia coli (A), Pseudomonas (B), Enterobacter (C), Staphylococcus aureus (D), and Bacillus subtilis (E) in the concentration of 0.1 mg and 0.5 mg. The results showed that Bacillus subtilis possess a higher antibacterial activity at the concentration of 0.5 mg comparing the other bacterial species. The outcome of this work would contribute to the present understanding of the biomedical application with the obtained size, shape, and synthesized method