Determinants of Borrowing Behaviour of Farmers – A Comparative Study of Commercial and Co-operative Banks

The preference of farmers between commercial and co-operative banks for borrowing has been studied with the objectives of finding (a) distribution of institutional credit across various categories of farmers and to assess the coverage and quantum of credit, and (b) socio-economic factors which affect the borrowing behaviour of farmers towards commercial and co-operative banks. In the study, based on 100 farmer borrowers, the discriminant analysis has been carried out. The study has offered some suggestions also for a better access of farmers to institutional credit.Agricultural and Food Policy,

Stochastic resonance with different periodic forces in overdamped two coupled anharmonic oscillators

We study the stochastic resonance phenomenon in the overdamped two coupled anharmonic oscillators with Gaussian noise and driven by different external periodic forces. We consider (i) sine, (ii) square, (iii) symmetric saw-tooth, (iv) asymmetric saw-tooth, (v) modulus of sine and (vi) rectified sinusoidal forces. The external periodic forces and Gaussian noise term are added to one of the two state variables of the system. The effect of each force is studied separately. In the absence of noise term, when the amplitude $f$ of the applied periodic force is varied cross-well motion is realized above a critical value ($f_{\mathrm{c}}$) of $f$. This is found for all the forces except the modulus of sine and rectified sinusoidal forces.Stochastic resonance is observed in the presence of noise and periodic forces. The effect of different forces is compared. The logarithmic plot of mean residence time $\tau_{\mathrm{MR}}$ against $1/(D - D_{\mathrm{c}})$ where $D$ is the intensity of the noise and $D_{\mathrm{c}}$ is the value of $D$ at which cross-well motion is initiated shows a sharp knee-like structure for all the forces. Signal-to-noise ratio is found to be maximum at the noise intensity $D=D_{\mathrm{max}}$ at which mean residence time is half of the period of the driving force for the forces such as sine, square, symmetric saw-tooth and asymmetric saw-tooth waves. With modulus of sine wave and rectified sine wave, the $SNR$ peaks at a value of $D$ for which sum of $\tau_{MR}$ in two wells of the potential of the system is half of the period of the driving force. For the chosen values of $f$ and $\omega$, signal-to-noise ratio is found to be maximum for square wave while it is minimum for modulus of sine and rectified sinusoidal waves.Comment: 13 figures,27 page

The Female-Centric Community as shown in the Songs of Muthin Mullai (a Part that Deals with the Valour of Women in Purathinai)

The Purathinai literary tradition is not merely a literary tradition. It is also a social tradition of that period. On this basis, one of the disciplines of the Purathinai literary tradition, the Mullai of Muthin Mullai, has within itself a social life. Muthinmullai songs, which describe the valour of women, also record that it is the duty of women to save the family and society for the family. Through such records, the Muthin mullai songs show pieces of evidence to understand the primacy and supremacy of women's lives in society. The songs are used to explain how women are viewed and to confirm the social identities of women, referred to as a matrilineal society. This article also highlights the need to find more data on why the Tamil community was such a predominantly female community

Uma Maheshwari's 'Marappachi' Evokes Female Psychology

In ancient times, there has never been a situation such as domination by a man over a woman or vice versa, rather they worked together, and ate together. Women’s puberty and family life were significantly highlighted. During the ages of ethnic groups, women played a lead role. Once the land-based society has evolved, the patriarchy, rights in the property, motherhood, childcare, growing a child, household chores, housekeeping, and domestic duties came into the picture and were assigned to women. Feminism has roots over thousands of years but later on, it was surrendered to patriarchy. Women have to fight for their rights and with that, the years passed on. It has a huge impact on her mental strength, and she was resisted for her every work and every word. Hence, the literature “Marappachi” was taken to research women’s psychology

Bogar Siddhar’s Method of Eating Medicines

Siddhars are individuals who has attained spiritual powers and they work various fields for the welfare of people. They have created many rare books in various fields like medicine, witchcraft, astrology, yoga, wisdom, alchemy etc. They also emphasized the principle of spiritual unity. Bogar is a well know siddhar. '7000' is one of his famous books, which consists of many ideas. Nowadays, the modern doctors do not mention any diet that should be followed when taking medicine to get rid of illness. The traditional Siddha doctors suggest diet that should be followed while taking medicines. Tamil siddhar’s have given some methods that should be followed while taking medicines. Thus, this article is about those methods that are mentioned in the book ‘7000’ by Bogar

Wavelength Conversion Based Colorless Optical Transmitter for Upstream DWDM PON

In this paper, we proposed a novel colorless optical transmitter based on all-optical wavelength conversion using a reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) for upstream transmission in dense wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical networks. The proposed colorless optical transmitter for the optical network unit is composed of an electro-absorption modulated laser (EML), an optical coupler, and an RSOA. The proposed upstream optical transmitter is based on the fast gain recovery of the RSOA governed by carrier-carrier scattering and carrier-phonon interactions. Thus, it can potentially operate at >10 Gb/s. Two separate wavelength bands are allocated, one for the pump signals and the other for the probe signals. Therefore, the proposed transmitter operates in a colorless manner since the EML can have any arbitrary wavelength within the pump band. We demonstrate the transmission of a 10.7-Gb/s upstream signal generated by the proposed scheme in a single-fiber loop back-configured network

OpenFlow-based Distributed and Fault-Tolerant Software Switch Architecture

We are living in the era where each of us is connected with each other virtually across the globe. We are sharing the information electronically over the internet every second of our day. There are many networking devices involved in sending the information over the internet. They are routers, gateways, switches, PCs, laptops, handheld devices, etc. The switches are very crucial elements in delivering packets to the intended recipients. Now the networking field is moving towards Software Defined Networking and the network elements are being slowly replaced by the software applications run by OpenFlow protocols. For example the switching functionality in local area networks could be achieved with software switches like OpenvSwitch (OVS), LINC-Switch, etc. Now a days the organizations depend on the datacenters to run their services. The application servers are being run from virtual machines on the hosts to better utilize the computing resources and make the system more scalable. The application servers need to be continuously available to run the business for which they are deployed for. Software switches are used to connect virtual machines as an alternative to Top of Rack switches. If such software switch fails then the application servers will not be able to connect to its clients. This may severely impact the business serviced by the application servers, deployed on the virtual machines. For reliable data connectivity, the switching elements need to be continuously functional. There is a need for reliable and robust switches to cater the today's networking infrastructure. In this study, the software switch LINC-Switch is implemented as distributed application on multiple nodes to make it resilient to failure. The fault-tolerance is achieved by using the distribution properties of the programming language Erlang. By implementing the switch on three redundant nodes and starting the application as a distributed application, the switch will be serving its purpose very promptly by restarting it on other node in case it fails on the current node by using failover/takeover mechanisms of Erlang. The tolerance to failure of the LINC-Switch is verified with Ping based experiment on the GENI test bed and on the Xen-cluster in our Lab.Engineering Technology, Department o

The Religious Philosophy of Bhogar Siddhar

Devotees are religious people. They are attached to shastras and rituals. They believe in deities, holy sites, sacred water, etc. They go to every temple, sing, and get excited. Azhwars, Nayanmars, etc., can be subsumed into the categories of devotees. The Siddhas are those who have attained the highest spiritual power. Attainment of spiritual power means being happy. Most human beings are associated with religion in one way or another. Religion is the way to engage with God. Not all people think of God in the same way. That is why different religions arose. Therefore, the divine thinkers can be divided into two types: devotees and Siddhas. This article examines the philosophy of God as propounded by the Siddhas

Bokar Siddha's Yogic Thoughts

Status of Shiva can be attained by proper study of the timeless and wonderful art, which is greatly admired, worshiped and secretly maintained by the Siddhas. Methods of burial of the human body is called samaadhi. In Siddha education, samaadhi is equal to God, and samaadhi is generally of three types. After human death, the body is buried directly in the ground or buried in coffins. Achieving samadhi in self-created grave by suppressing the life to attain salvation without rebirth is called Jeevasamathi. Being equal to the Lord with body and soul, by attaining bliss, attaining home, and attaining salvation. At this stage the siddhars who communicate with the worldly people and guide them are in a state of samadhi. In this way, the purpose of this article is to investigate the yogic Thoughts of Bokar Siddha

Efficient Method of Pitch Estimation for Speech Signal Using MATLAB

In this paper, we are estimating the pitch of telephone speech signal. We use different types of methods such us, Burg, Covariance, Fast Fourier transform, Modified Covariance, Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm or Eigen vector, Multi Taper method (MTM), Welch, and Yule Auto Regressive (Yule AR) , to estimate the PSD using signal processing tool box of MATLAB. The spectrum was constructed and the pitch ,amplitude , and slope of the speech signal were calculated and their performance were analyzed