Epigenetic Activation of Pro-angiogenic Signaling Pathways in Human Endothelial Progenitors Increases Vasculogenesis

Summary: Human endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) represent a promising source of adult stem cells for vascular repair, yet their regenerative capacity is limited. Here, we set out to understand the molecular mechanism restricting the repair function of ECFCs. We found that key pro-angiogenic pathways are repressed in ECFCs due to the presence of bivalent (H3K27me3/H3K4me3) epigenetic marks, which decreases the cells' regenerative potential. Importantly, ex vivo treatment with a combination of epigenetic drugs that resolves bivalent marks toward the transcriptionally active H3K4me3 state leads to the simultaneous activation of multiple pro-angiogenic signaling pathways (VEGFR, CXCR4, WNT, NOTCH, SHH). This in turn results in improved capacity of ECFCs to form capillary-like networks in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, restoration of perfusion is accelerated upon transplantation of drug-treated ECFCs in a model of hindlimb ischemia. Thus, ex vivo treatment with epigenetic drugs increases the vascular repair properties of ECFCs through transient activation of pro-angiogenic signaling pathways. : Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) have the unique capability to form blood vessels in vivo. Here, Brand and colleagues show that the regenerative function of ECFCs is restricted by the presence of bivalent histone marks on pro-angiogenic genes. This poised status can be overcome through the combined action of epigenetic drugs that simultaneously activate multiple pro-angiogenic pathways to increase ECFC-mediated vasculogenesis. Keywords: pro-angiogenic pathway, ECFCs, epigenetics, bivalent genes, human endothelial progenitors, vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, hindlimb ischemia, EZH2, UT

Discovery of the First in Vivo Active Inhibitors of the Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Phosphatase Domain

The emerging pharmacological target soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a bifunctional enzyme exhibiting two different catalytic activities that are located in two distinct domains. Although the physiological role of the C-terminal hydrolase domain is well-investigated, little is known about its phosphatase activity, located in the N-terminal phosphatase domain of sEH (sEH-P). Herein we report the discovery and optimization of the first inhibitor of human and rat sEH-P that is applicable in vivo. X-ray structure analysis of the sEH phosphatase domain complexed with an inhibitor provides insights in the molecular basis of small-molecule sEH-P inhibition and helps to rationalize the structure-activity relationships. 4-(4-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)butanoic acid (22b, SWE101) has an excellent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile in rats and enables the investigation of the physiological and pathophysiological role of sEH-P in vivo