Rock Music Induced Damage and Vibration at Nya Ullevi Stadium

Two rock concerts were held in the City of Gothenburg, Sweden at Nya Ullevi soccer stadium the summer of 985. The stadium is founded on driven piles in soft clay. An enthusiastic audience was jumping in time to the songs. Violent vibrations of the suspension wires and in the cantilever roof beams of the structure were observed and damage to the roof and the building itself was detected after the concerts. People on the pitch and inside the stadium building experienced excessive vibrations. Residential buildings 400 m away experienced vibrations. Concerts are at present not permitted at the stadium. The Gothenburg community suffers financially as a result of being unable to arrange concerts such as these. The high vibration level which occurred during some of the songs can be explained by resonance phenomena in the clay deposit. The paper describes the damage to the structure, the experience of people inside and outside the stadium and by the use of calculations arrives at an explanation for the excessive vibrations

Effect of external magnetic field on electron spin dephasing induced by hyperfine interaction in quantum dots

We investigate the influence of an external magnetic field on spin phase relaxation of single electrons in semiconductor quantum dots induced by the hyperfine interaction. The basic decay mechanism is attributed to the dispersion of local effective nuclear fields over the ensemble of quantum dots. The characteristics of electron spin dephasing is analyzed by taking an average over the nuclear spin distribution. We find that the dephasing rate can be estimated as a spin precession frequency caused primarily by the mean value of the local nuclear magnetic field. Furthermore, it is shown that the hyperfine interaction does not fully depolarize electron spin. The loss of initial spin polarization during the dephasing process depends strongly on the external magnetic field, leading to the possibility of effective suppression of this mechanism.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure

Rashba spin orbit interaction in a quantum wire superlattice

In this work we study the effects of a longitudinal periodic potential on a parabolic quantum wire defined in a two-dimensional electron gas with Rashba spin-orbit interaction. For an infinite wire superlattice we find, by direct diagonalization, that the energy gaps are shifted away from the usual Bragg planes due to the Rashba spin-orbit interaction. Interestingly, our results show that the location of the band gaps in energy can be controlled via the strength of the Rashba spin-orbit interaction. We have also calculated the charge conductance through a periodic potential of a finite length via the non-equilibrium Green's function method combined with the Landauer formalism. We find dips in the conductance that correspond well to the energy gaps of the infinite wire superlattice. From the infinite wire energy dispersion, we derive an equation relating the location of the conductance dips as a function of the (gate controllable) Fermi energy to the Rashba spin-orbit coupling strength. We propose that the strength of the Rashba spin-orbit interaction can be extracted via a charge conductance measurement.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figure

Spin decay and quantum parallelism

We study the time evolution of a single spin coupled inhomogeneously to a spin environment. Such a system is realized by a single electron spin bound in a semiconductor nanostructure and interacting with surrounding nuclear spins. We find striking dependencies on the type of the initial state of the nuclear spin system. Simple product states show a profoundly different behavior than randomly correlated states whose time evolution provides an illustrative example of quantum parallelism and entanglement in a decoherence phenomenon.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures included, version to appear in Phys. Rev.

Current-Induced Entanglement of Nuclear Spins in Quantum Dots

We propose an entanglement mechanism of nuclear spins in quantum dots driven by the electric current accompanied by the spin flip. This situation is relevant to a leakage current in spin-blocked regions where electrons cannot be transported unless their spins are flipped. The current gradually increases the components of larger total spin of nuclei. This correlation among the nuclear spins markedly enhances the spin-flip rate of electrons and hence the leakage current. The enhancement of the current is observable when the residence time of electrons in the quantum dots is shorter than the dephasing time T*_2 of nuclear spins.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Strong ground motion from the seismic swarms preceding the 2021 and 2022 volcanic eruptions at Fagradalsfjall, Iceland

The Geldingadalir and Meradalir eruptions at Mt. Fagradalsfjall in the Reykjanes Peninsula on 19 March 2021 and 3 August 2022, respectively, were preceded by intense volcano-tectonic swarms. Eight earthquakes with M ≥ 5 were recorded by the Icelandic Strong Motion Network. We present an overview of the seismicity in Fagradalsfjall, and salient features of the strong ground motion caused by the swarms in the epicentral area. The largest recorded horizontal Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) was ~ 0.45 g at Grindavík, which is the strongest PGA recorded in Iceland since the MW6.3 2008 Ölfus Earthquake. Recorded waveforms show a rich long-period energy content, with a burst of higher frequencies at the beginning of shaking. This leads to larger response spectral accelerations at long periods that those from typical shallow crustal earthquakes. Moreover, an empirical mixed-effects ground motion model for PGA, PGV and PSA was calibrated for rock sites based on the available recordings. The attenuation rate from this model is similar to that introduced by Lanzano and Luzi (Bull Earthq Eng 18(1):57–76, 2020) which is based on data from volcanic events in Italy, but the magnitude scaling of our model is much lower. The overall results indicate that scaling and attenuation of ground motion from volcanic events and purely tectonic earthquakes in Iceland are different. This is an important observation because seismic hazard in parts of the Reykjavik area and of the central highlands, where important hydroelectric power plants are located, could potentially be dominated by events of volcanic origin. Therefore, it is important to take these observations into account for seismic hazard and risk assessment in Iceland

Spin susceptibilities, spin densities and their connection to spin-currents

We calculate the frequency dependent spin susceptibilities for a two-dimensional electron gas with both Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit interaction. The resonances of the susceptibilities depends on the relative values of the Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit constants, which could be manipulated by gate voltages. We derive exact continuity equations, with source terms, for the spin density and use those to connect the spin current to the spin density. In the free electron model the susceptibilities play a central role in the spin dynamics since both the spin density and the spin current are proportional to them.Comment: 6 pages, revtex4 styl

Hyperfine-mediated transitions between a Zeeman split doublet in GaAs quantum dots: The role of the internal field

We consider the hyperfine-mediated transition rate between Zeeman split spin states of the lowest orbital level in a GaAs quantum dot. We separate the hyperfine Hamiltonian into a part which is diagonal in the orbital states and another one which mixes different orbitals. The diagonal part gives rise to an effective (internal) magnetic field which, in addition to an external magnetic field, determines the Zeeman splitting. Spin-flip transitions in the dots are induced by the orbital mixing part accompanied by an emission of a phonon. We evaluate the rate for different regimes of applied magnetic field and temperature. The rates we find are bigger that the spin-orbit related rates provided the external magnetic field is sufficiently low.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure

Charge and spin density response functions of the clean two-dimensional electron gas with Rashba spin-orbit coupling at finite momenta and frequencies

We analytically evaluate charge and spin density response functions of the clean two-dimensional electron gas with Rashba spin-orbit coupling at finite momenta and frequencies. On the basis of our exact expressions we discuss the accuracy of the long-wavelength and the quasiclassical approximations. We also derive the static limit of spin susceptibilities and demonstrate, in particular, how the Kohn-like anomalies in their derivatives are related to the spin-orbit modification of the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interaction. Taking into account screening and exchange effects of the Coulomb interaction, we describe the collective charge and spin density excitation modes which appear to be coupled due to nonvanishing spin-charge response function.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figure