CULTURE-DEPENDENT APPROACHES AMONG THE CARIES PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM THE CARIOUS DENTINE AND THEIR EMERGING DRUG RESISTANCE

Objective: To evaluate the commonest caries pathogens from different type of caries andto screen for the emergence of drug resistance among the caries causing pathogenic bacteria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of Microbiology. Sample Size was 44 and samples from carious dentine which was immediately transported to the microbiology laboratory. Samples were processed microbiologically to isolate the caries pathogens. Identification of strains were done by standard biochemical characterization studies. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity test. The results were recorded and analyzed for drug resistance. Results: Out of 44 patients, 40 aerobic bacteria, 2 anaerobic bacteria and 2 fungi were isolated. Out of the 40 aerobic bacteria, the most common isolated was Klebsiella pneumoniae followed by Pseudomonas spp. and Streptococcus viridians. Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin and Linezolid showed excellent activity against Gram-positive Bacteria. The most frequently involved teeth of dental caries were mandibular 1st molar (54.54%) followed by Mandibular 2nd molar (13.63%). Conclusion: In our study we found that Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas sp., Streptococcus viridians were the most frequent organisms encountered. The study implicates the need for time to time antimicrobial susceptibility examination of the dental caries pathogens that will help to prevent the emergence of resistance property among the dentinal pathogenic organisms

RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF FOUR WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM

In city life, the driving circumstances of the vehicle with higher Wheelbase and track breadth face problems of turning as space is captive, the same problem is faced in low speed to gain control over Four wheel steering is a method developed in the automobile industry for the effective turning of the vehicle and to increase the flexibility. For a vehicle, working on all wheel drive (AWD) it is necessary to achieve adjustability. This calls for a continuous need and demand of a car to attain flexibility. With this attribute, handling and operating at the minimum speed achieved is till 6.2 mph. The main aim is to come up with effective steering response resulting increase in vehicle adjustability while manoeuvring at high speed and to decrease turning radius at low speed with keeping up as less weight as possible of the vehicle

Recent Development Of Four Wheel Steering System

In city life, the driving circumstances of the vehicle with higher Wheelbase and track breadth face problems of turning as space is captive, the same problem is faced in low speed to gain control over Four wheel steering is a method developed in the automobile industry for the effective turning of the vehicle and to increase the flexibility. For a vehicle, working on all wheel drive (AWD) it is necessary to achieve adjustability. This calls for a continuous need and demand of a car to attain flexibility. With this attribute, handling and operating at the minimum speed achieved is till 6.2 mph. The main aim is to come up with effective steering response resulting increase in vehicle adjustability while manoeuvring at high speed and to decrease turning radius at low speed with keeping up as less weight as possible of the vehicle

Characterization of bismuth trioxide nanoparticles and evaluating binding affinity with proteins

Protein-nanoparticle conjugation, or protein-corona, is important for nanomedicine, nano diagnostic, and nano therapy applications. alpha-Bismuth oxide nanoparticles (alpha-Bi2O3 NPs) were prepared from bismuth nitrate powder using the sol-gel method and characterized using various techniques, including Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), UV-VIS-NIR Spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). X-ray diffraction studies revealed that NPs are in the alpha phase with a monoclinic structure. The energy band gap, average surface area and crystallite size are 2.81 eV, 2.42 m(2), and 15-106 nm, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy revealed particle size is 32.21 nm, with a d-spacing of 2.529 angstrom. The surface-tovolume ratio is calculated and found to be 2.553x10(6) m (-1). For the first time, a direct protein interaction with NPs was examined with standard proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), carbonic anhydrase, phosphorylase b, and total human serum proteins and analyzed using mass spectroscopy. Proteomic analysis showed that proteins such as BSA, phosphorylase b, and carbonic anhydrase exhibited a strong affinity with Bi2O3 NPs. However, it was found that there was less or no association between Annexin A6, human serum albumin, Zinc finger protein, and Bestrophin-2 with Bi2O3 NPs