Expression of genes for bone morphogenetic proteins BMP-2, BMP-4 and BMP-6 in various parts of the human skeleton

BACKGROUND: Differences in duration of bone healing in various parts of the human skeleton are common experience for orthopaedic surgeons. The reason for these differences is not obvious and not clear.METHODS: In this paper we decided to measure by the use of real-time RT-PCR technique the level of expression of genes for some isoforms of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), whose role is proven in bone formation, bone induction and bone turnover. Seven bone samples recovered from various parts of skeletons from six cadavers of young healthy men who died in traffic accidents were collected. Activity of genes for BMP-2, -4 and -6 was measured by the use of fluorescent SYBR Green I.RESULTS: It was found that expression of m-RNA for BMP-2 and BMP-4 is higher in trabecular bone in epiphyses of long bones, cranial flat bones and corpus mandibulae then in the compact bone of diaphyses of long bones. In all samples examined the expression of m-RNA for BMP-4 was higher than for BMP-2.CONCLUSION: It was shown that m-RNA for BMP-6 is not expressed in the collected samples at all. It is postulated that differences in the level of activation of genes for BMPs is one of the important factors which determine the differences in duration of bone healing of various parts of the human skeleton.Author has checked copyrightDG 16/11/1

The mechanisms of boronate ester formation and fluorescent turn-on in ortho-aminomethylphenylboronic acids

ortho-Aminomethylphenylboronic acids are used in receptors for carbohydrates and various other compounds containing vicinal diols. The presence of the o-aminomethyl group enhances the affinity towards diols at neutral pH, and the manner in which this group plays this role has been a topic of debate. Further, the aminomethyl group is believed to be involved in the turn-on of the emission properties of appended fluorophores upon diol binding. In this treatise, a uniform picture emerges for the role of this group: it primarily acts as an electron-withdrawing group that lowers the pK(a) of the neighbouring boronic acid thereby facilitating diol binding at neutral pH. The amine appears to play no role in the modulation of the fluorescence of appended fluorophores in the protic-solvent-inserted form of the boronic acid/boronate ester. Instead, fluorescence turn-on can be consistently tied to vibrational-coupled excited-state relaxation (a loose-bolt effect). Overall, this Review unifies and discusses the existing data as of 2019 whilst also highlighting why o-aminomethyl groups are so widely used, and the role they play in carbohydrate sensing using phenylboronic acids

Mathematical analysis of bone microstructure changes, description and evaluation of early tumour growth in knee joint

Celem pracy było sprawdzenie możliwości wykrywania zmian w strukturze kostnej przy zastosowaniu opracowanyc algorytmów umożliwiajacych matematyczny opis struktury kostnej. Podstawowymi elementami analizy są: analiza histogramu obrazu rentgenowskiego, wymiar fraktalny, analiza widma amplitudowego oraz widma energetycznego dwuwymiarowej transformaty Fouriera obrazu rentgenowskiego. W sposób matematyczny opisane zostały róznice i podobieństwa między prawidłową , oraz tkanką zmienioną patologicznieNa podstawie przeprowadzonych analiz stwierdzono, że prezentowana metoda może być pomocna przy róznicowaniu i opisie stanu mikrostruktury kostnej zmienionej w procesie nowotworowym. Co może mieć znaczenie we wczesnym wykrywaniu zmian pierwotnych jak i przerzutowych w kości.The study was performed to evaluate of bone microstructure changes using 2D fast- Fourier Transformation spectrum analysis, image histogram analysis and morphological fractal dimension of planar macro-radiography examination. Differences and similarities between normal and pathological microstructure of trabecular bone were evaluated using parameters mentioned above. This study confirmed that quality analysis of trabecular bone structure of bone using digital image processing to analysis planar X-ray examination provides us information about tumour changes within bone. Current results suggest caution that 2D-FFT spectral analysis is promising method to describe trabecular bone microstructures tumour changes, which could be helpful inearly detection of primary and metastatic tumour growth within bone