2,810 research outputs found
‘Land grabbing’ e ‘Green grabbing’: Uma leitura da ‘corrida na produção acadêmica’ sobre a apropriação global de terras
A partir de 2008, houve uma extensa produção e publicação de artigos acadêmicos,
basicamente em inglês, sobre um fenômeno denominado corrida mundial por terras ou
land grabbing (apropriação de terras). Depois de cinco ou seis anos, essa produção se
mantém, mas com construções teórico-empíricas mais elaboradas – inclusive com a
reformulação de conceitos e criação de outros como green grabbing (apropriação verde) e
water grabbing (apropriação da água) –, especialmente porque as primeiras reflexões eram
excessivamente centradas em dados quantitativos e escala (quantidade de hectares
transacionados), em grandes investimentos estrangeiros em terras agrícolas e voltados para
estudos de casos sobre a compra de terras no Continente Africano. O objetivo deste artigo é
retomar os termos do debate, relendo argumentos e discutindo formulações teóricas
(inclusive o próprio conceito de land grabbing), procurando construir diálogos teóricos e
agendas de pesquisas acadêmicas no Brasil, pois o mesmo – além ser um país com
históricos problemas agrários como a concentração da terra – é marcado por investimentos
externos, mas também incentiva a apropriação privada de terras em outros lugares e países,
o que resulta na expansão das fronteiras agrícolas e gera conflitos e disputas territoriais.
After 2008, there has been an extensive production and publication of academic articles in
English, dealing with a phenomenon called global land rush or land grabbing. After five or
six years, such academic production continuous but more elaborated theoretically and with
larger empirical evidences, including some conceptual reformulations and creation other concepts
like green grabbing and water grabbing. This happened especially because the first studies were
overly focused on quantitative data and scale (land deals in hectares),
considering large foreign investment in agricultural land and focused on case studies on the
purchase of land on the African continent. This article aims to resume the terms of the
debate, discussing some arguments and theoretical formulations – including the concept of
land grabbing –, looking for reflexions, theoretical dialogue and academic research agenda
in Brazil. Besides being a country with historical agrarian problems, like the concentration
of landownership, Brazil is has foreign investments, but it also encourages private
investments and land deals, resulting in the expansion of the agricultural frontier,
generating conflicts and territorial disputes in other countries
Acaparamiento de tierras y acumulación capitalista: aspectos clave en América Latina
__Abstract__
We introduce this special issue by explaining seven characteristics
of land grabbing in Latin America. These features are not unique
to the region. By highlighting them – arguing, for instance, that a
key aspect in Latin America is intra-regional land grabbing driven
by (trans)Latina companies – we hope to inspire new cross-regional
comparisons to understand the dynamics of “global” land grabbing.
Our focus on Latin America challenges some problematic generalisations
in the literature, for instance, that land grabs occur mainly
in fragile states. We interrogate the relationship between land grabbing
and the “foreignisation” narrative, and the need to revisit the
broader question of land concentration. Thus we build upon the literature
locating land grabs and the land question within the political
economy of global capitalism
Accaparement de terres et droits de l'homme: rôle des sociétés et des entités financières européennes dans l'accaparement de terres en dehors de l'Union européenne
Dans les travaux de recherche antérieurs sur l'accaparement de terres, les auteurs se sont
initialement intéressés aux sociétés étrangères investissant dans d'autres pays et ont mis
notamment l'accent sur les sociétés implantées dans des pays tels que la Chine, les États du
Golfe, la Corée du Sud et l'Inde. Ces dernières années, il est devenu évident que la palette des
pays d'origine des investisseurs fonciers est bien plus large et comprend des acteurs
implantés en Atlantique Nord et dans l'Union européenne. Dans la présente étude, nous
fournissons des données qualitatives et quantitatives pour illustrer le rôle des entités
financières et des sociétés établies dans l'Union européenne dans les transactions foncières
opérées en dehors de l'Union. Cette étude analyse également le phénomène international de
"ruée vers la terre" avec les droits de l'homme en arrière-plan, en examinant les répercussions
de certaines transactions foncières auxquelles des investisseurs basés dans l'Union
européenne participent, ainsi que leurs effets sur les populations qui vivent dans les secteurs
visés par les investissements. Ces recherches s'appuient en partie sur l'étude réalisée en 2014
par Cotula sur les facteurs favorisant l'accaparement de terres et les répercussions de ce
phénomène sur les droits de l'homme, mais s'en écartent également par la façon dont
l'accent est mis expressément sur certains cas d'abus et de violations, potentielles ou
effectives des droits de l'homme dans le cadre d'activités dans lesquelles des sociétés et des
entités financières européennes sont impliquées. Dans nos conclusions, nous proposons une
série de recommandations sur la façon dont l'Union européenne peut s'attaquer de façon
efficace à ces problèmes
Land Grabbing and Human Rights: the Involvement of European Corporate and Financial Entities in Land Grabbing outside the European Union
In early research on land grabbing, the initial focus was on foreign companies investing abroad, with a particular focus on those based in countries such as China, Gulf States, South Korea, and India. In recent years, it has become evident that the range of countries land investors originate in is far broader, and includes both North Atlantic - and EU-based actors.
In this study, we offer both quantitative and qualitative data illustrating the involvement of EU-based corporate and financial entities in land deals occurring outside of the EU. This study also analyses the global land rush within a human rights framework, examining the implications of particular land deals involving EU-based investors and their impact on communities living in areas where the investments are taking place.
The research presented here builds partly on Cotula’s 2014 study on the drivers and human rights implications of land grabbing, but differs in that it focuses explicitly on particular cases of possible, actual or potential human rights abuses and violations, in the context of activities involving European corporate and financial entities. In our conclusions, we offer a series of recommendations on how the EU can more effectively address these issues
Transnational land investment web
Despite international media’s waning attention, research and political debates on global land grabbing have not subsided. We argue the importance of understanding the ‘transnational land investment web’ of corporate and state actors and institutions, which are not always immediately visible. Focusing on transnational corporations (TNCs) based in the European Union (EU), we examine five sets of actors and institutional spheres through which these actors are able to grab lands beyond Europe. It is crucial to understand these not as individual sets of actors or institutions, but as interconnected sets, comprising a web. These are EU-based: (1) Private companies using regular institutional platforms; (2) Finance capital companies; (3) Public–private partnerships; (4) Development Finance Institutions; and (5) Companies using EU policies to gain control of land through the supply chain. One implication of this complex web is that democratic governance in the context of land grabs becomes an even more daunting challenge
The new enclosures: critical perspectives on corporate land deals
The contributions to this collection use the tools of agrarian political economy to
explore the rapid growth and complex dynamics of large-scale land deals in recent
years, with a special focus on the implications of big land deals for property and
labour regimes, labour processes and structures of accumulation. The first part of
this introductory essay examines the implications of this agrarian political
economy perspective. First we explore the continuities and contrasts between
historical and contemporary land grabs, before examining the core underlying
debate around large- versus small-scale farming futures. Next, we unpack the
diverse contexts and causes of land grabbing today, highlighting six overlapping
mechanisms. The following section turns to assessing the crisis narratives that
frame the justifications for land deals, and the flaws in the argument around there
being excess, empty or idle land available. Next the paper turns to an examination
of the impacts of land deals, and the processes of inclusion and exclusion at play,
before looking at patterns of resistance and constructions of alternatives. The
final section introduces the papers in the collection.ESR
Effectiveness of a stepped primary care smoking cessation intervention (ISTAPS study): design of a cluster randomised trial
Background: There is a considerable body of evidence on the effectiveness of specific interventions in individuals who wish to quit smoking. However, there are no large-scale studies testing the whole range of interventions currently recommended for helping people to give up smoking; specifically those interventions that include motivational interviews for individuals who are not interested in quitting smoking in the immediate to short term. Furthermore, many of the published studies were undertaken in specialized units or by a small group of motivated primary care centres. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a stepped smoking cessation intervention based on a trans-theoretical model of change, applied to an extensive group of Primary Care Centres (PCC). ethods/Design: Cluster randomised clinical trial. Unit of randomization: basic unit of care consisting of a family physician and a nurse, both of whom care for the same population (aprox. 2000 people). Intention to treat analysis. Study population: Smokers (n = 3024) aged 14 to 75 years consulting for any reason to PCC and who provided written informed consent to participate in the trial. Intervention: 6-month implementation of recommendations of a Clinical Practice Guideline which includes brief motivational interviews for smokers at the precontemplation - contemplation stage, brief intervention for smokers in preparation-action who do not want help, intensive intervention with pharmacotherapy for smokers in preparation-action who want help, and reinforcing intervention in the maintenance stage. Control group: usual care. Outcome measures: Self-reported abstinence confirmed by exhaled air carbon monoxide concentration of ≤ 10 parts per million. Points of assessment: end of intervention period and 1 and 2 years post-intervention; continuous abstinence rate for 1 year; change in smoking cessation stage; health status measured by SF-36. Discussion: The application of a stepped intervention based on the stages of a change model is possible under real and diverse clinical practice conditions, and improves the smoking cessation success rate in smokers, besides of their intention or not to give up smoking at baseline
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