Legal and non-legal barriers to abortion in Ireland and the UK

This article compares abortion laws, regulations and access patterns in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. We focus in most detail on the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland and England with a shorter discussion of Scotland and Wales. We attend to the laws and legal reforms in each region but also consider the non-legal factors that restrict or facilitate abortion services in each place. In this article, we seek to illustrate the complex relationship between abortion law and abortion access, noting especially how non-legal barriers shape the way an abortion law functions for the people who live under it

Índice climático de crescimento de pastagens naturais no Rio Grande do Sul

The climatic index of pasture growth, of Fitzpatrick & Nix, was tested and applied with good results to Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. An exponential regression equation Y = 353,1 (e1.40x) where x is the climatic index of growth of tropical grasses, can be used to estimate the dry matter yield of natural grasslands, using average air temperature, rainfall and shunshine. Tables were developed for the quick determination of the thermal index for each group of forages, and the light index, both indexes being necessary for the climatic index calculation. The normal, monthly climatic index, for ten locations within the State was determined as well as the frequency of its different values for a period of 30 years, at Uruguaiana and São Luiz Gonzaga. A low climatic potential for the productivity of natural grasslands is a definitive characteristic of Rio Grande do Sul State, in winter and in dry summers. Hay can be obtained from the native grassland itself, in summer, and used in winter as feed supplement. There is a good climatic potentiality along all the year for the temperate grasses and legumes, but no adequate climate for tropical legumes during the coldest months of the winter.O índice climático de crescimento de pastagens, de Fitzpatrick & Nix, foi testado e considerado satisfatório nas condições do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Uma equação de regressão do tipo exponencial, Y = 353,1 (e1,40X) onde x é o índice climático de crescimento de gramíneas tropicais, permite estimar o rendimento de matéria seca (kg/ha) da pastagem natural. Para uso desta equação é necessário conhecer temperatura média, precipitação pluvial e insolação. Foram organizadas tabelas que permitem rápida determinação do índice térmico para cada grupo de forrageiras - e do índice de luz, necessários para o cálculo do índice climático. Foi determinado o índice climático mensal normal para cada grupo de forrageiras, em dez locais do Rio Grande do Sul. Para as localidades de Uruguaiana e São Luiz Gonzaga, foi determinada a frequência dos valores dos índices climáticos, cm cada mês, durante 30 anos de observação. Verificou-se que o potencial de produtividade das pastagens naturais é insuficiente, quando o índice climático de crescimento é inferior a 0.1 o que ocorre no inverno, e em verões secos. Para pastagens nativas, a suplementação alimentar com feno, no inverno e verões secos, é grande importância, dada a grande variabilidade, de ano para ano, dos índices climáticos e das estações. Este feno pode ser obtido da própria pastagem nativa, durante o verão, pois, nesta estação, a produtividade das pastagens é superior à necessidade de um bovino adulto/ha. Há boa potencialidade climática, durante todos os meses do ano para gramíneas e leguminosas temperadas. Para as leguminosas tropicais, os meses mais rigorosos do inverno não possuem clima adequado

Matching NLO parton shower matrix element with exact phase space: case of W -> l nu (gamma) and gamma^* -> pi^+pi^-(gamma)

The PHOTOS Monte Carlo is often used for simulation of QED effects in decay of intermediate particles and resonances. Momenta are generated in such a way that samples of events cover the whole bremsstrahlung phase space. With the help of selection cuts, experimental acceptance can be then taken into account. The program is based on an exact multiphoton phase space. Crude matrix element is obtained by iteration of a universal multidimensional kernel. It ensures exact distribution in the soft photon region. Algorithm is compatible with exclusive exponentiation. To evaluate the program's precision, it is necessary to control the kernel with the help of perturbative results. If available, kernel is constructed from the exact first order matrix element. This ensures that all terms necessary for non-leading logarithms are taken into account. In the present paper we will focus on the W -> l nu and gamma^* -> pi^+ pi^- decays. The Born level cross sections for both processes approach zero in some points of the phase space. A process dependent compensating weight is constructed to incorporate the exact matrix element, but is recommended for use in tests only. In the hard photon region, where scalar QED is not expected to be reliable, the compensating weight for gamma^* decay can be large. With respect to the total rate, the effect remains at the permille level. It is nonetheless of interest. The terms leading to the effect are analogous to some terms appearing in QCD. The present paper can be understood either as a contribution to discussion on how to match two collinear emission chains resulting from charged sources in a way compatible with the exact and complete phase space, exclusive exponentiation and the first order matrix element of QED (scalar QED), or as the practical study of predictions for accelerator experiments.Comment: 24 page

PERHITUNGAN INTER STORY DRIFT PADA BANGUNAN TANPA SET-BACK DAN DENGAN SET-BACK AKIBAT GEMPA

ABSTRAK Pada bangunan dengan set-back terjadi perbedaan simpangan yang cukup signifikan antar lantai-lantai yang berbatasan dengan set-back tersebut. Perbedaan massa dan kekakuan yang signifikan itu menyebabkan terjadinya konsentrasi gaya-gaya yang ekstrim pada lantai tersebut. Besarnya simpangan lateral dan potensi kerusakan bangunan mempunyai hubungan yang sangat kuat yang akan mengakibatkan terjadinya kerusakan pada bagian set-back tersebut. Simpangan dihitung menggunakan respon spektrum dengan menganggap struktur berada pada kondisi tanah keras wilayah gempa V Indonesia. Dalam analisa diambil 2 tipe/model struktur (dua dimensi) yaitu struktur bangunan dengan dan tanpa set-back. Struktur terbuat dari material beton yang dimodelkan sebagai bangunan penahan geser (shear building). Dari hasil analisa yang dilakukan diperoleh bahwa simpangan struktur pada bangunan dengan set-back seperti pada contoh aplikasi adalah lebih kecil dari pada simpangan struktur pada bangunan tanpa set-back, sedangkan pada bangunan dengan set-back terjadi inter story drift (simpangan antar tingkat) yang cukup ekstrim antara lantai yang berbeda massa dan kekakuannya dan pada bangunan tanpa set-back tidak terjadi, karena massa dan kekakuan tiap lantai adalah sama. Kata kunci: set-back, respon spektrum, inter story drift

Pod indehiscence is a domestication and aridity resilience trait in common bean.

Plant domestication has strongly modified crop morphology and development. Nevertheless, many crops continue to display atavistic characteristics that were advantageous to their wild ancestors but are deleterious under cultivation, such as pod dehiscence (PD). Here, we provide the first comprehensive assessment of the inheritance of PD in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), a major domesticated grain legume. Using three methods to evaluate the PD phenotype, we identified multiple, unlinked genetic regions controlling PD in a biparental population and two diversity panels. Subsequently, we assessed patterns of orthology among these loci and those controlling the trait in other species. Our results show that different genes were selected in each domestication and ecogeographic race. A chromosome Pv03 dirigent-like gene, involved in lignin biosynthesis, showed a base-pair substitution that is associated with decreased PD. This haplotype may underlie the expansion of Mesoamerican domesticates into northern Mexico, where arid conditions promote PD. The rise in frequency of the decreased-PD haplotype may be a consequence of the markedly different fitness landscape imposed by domestication. Environmental dependency and genetic redundancy can explain the maintenance of atavistic traits under domestication

Estudo etnobotânico junto aos ervatários da área central de Pelotas-RS.

bitstream/item/34841/1/documento-205.pd

Impacts of urbanization on insect herbivory and plant defences in oak trees

Systematic comparisons of species interactions in urban versus rural environments can improve our understanding of shifts in ecological processes due to urbanization. However, such studies are relatively uncommon and the mechanisms driving urbanization effects on species interactions (e.g. between plants and insect herbivores) remain elusive. Here we investigated the effects of urbanization on leaf herbivory by insect chewers and miners associated with the English oak Quercus robur by sampling trees in rural and urban areas throughout most of the latitudinal distribution of this species. In performing these comparisons, we also controlled for the size of the urban areas (18 cities) and gathered data on CO emissions. In addition, we assessed whether urbanization affected leaf chemical defences (phenolic compounds) and nutritional traits (phosphorus and nitrogen), and whether such changes correlated with herbivory levels. Urbanization significantly reduced leaf chewer damage but did not affect leaf miners. In addition, we found that leaves from urban locations had lower levels of chemical defences (condensed and hydrolysable tannins) and higher levels of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) compared to leaves in rural locations. The magnitude of urbanization effects on herbivory and leaf defences was not contingent upon city size. Importantly, while the effects of urbanization on chemical defences were associated with CO emissions, changes in leaf chewer damage were not associated with either leaf traits or CO levels. These results suggest that effects of urbanization on herbivory occur through mechanisms other than changes in the plant traits measured here. Overall, our simultaneous assessment of insect herbivory, plant traits and abiotic correlates advances our understanding of the main drivers of urbanization effects on plant–herbivore interactions.This research was financially supported by a Spanish National Research Grant (AGL2015-70748-R), a Regional Government of Galicia Grant (IN607D 2016/001) and the Ramón y Cajal Research Programme (RYC-2013-13230).Peer reviewe