Evaluation of Loss Coefficient For Stand Alone Radiator

Abstract In the UK, domestic heating contributes to about 40% of annual energy consumption. Effective and efficient heating systems are essential to drive the cost of heating down. Although there are several types of heating systems, radiators are the most popular heat emitters. Head loss in a radiator depends on various design parameters based on fluid flow path conditions and design of the radiator. The work presented in this paper identifies and compares the loss co-efficient for two most common configurations of radiators used in domestic heating systems. These are Bottom-Bottom Opposite Ends (BBOE) and Bottom-Top Opposite Ends (BTOE) configurations for a standalone system. In a standalone radiator design the loss co-efficient K value varies with the panel configuration and flow path in the BBOE and BTOE layouts. Similar to loss co-efficient in a pipe system the K value in a radiator system is a function of the Reynolds number. It has been found that double and single panel radiators have significantly different behaviour for the two flow layouts with higher K values for the BTOE configuration at lower velocity

Optimisation of machining parameters during ball end milling of hardened steel with various surface inclinations

This paper proposes a method for the reduction of forces and the improvement of efficiency during finish ball end milling of hardened 55NiCrMoV6 steel. The primary objective of this work concentrates on the optimal selection of milling parameters (cutting speed – vc, surface inclination angle α), which enables the simultaneous minimisation of cutting force values and increased process efficiency. The research includes the measurement of cutting forces (Fx, Fy, Fz) during milling tests with variable input parameters and calculation of process efficiency accounting for cutting parameters and surface inclination. The paper then focuses on the multi-criteria optimisation of the ball end milling process in terms of cutting forces and efficiency. This procedure is carried out with the application of the response surface method, based on the minimisation of a total utility function. The work shows that surface inclination angle has a significant influence on the cutting force values. Minimal cutting forces and relative high efficiency can be achieved with cutting speed vc = 375 m/min and surface inclination angle α = 15°

Favourable outcomes for high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (IPI 3–5) treated with front-line R-CODOX-M/R-IVAC chemotherapy: results of a phase 2 UK NCRI trial

Background: Outcomes for patients with high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated with R-CHOP chemotherapy are suboptimal but, to date, no alternative regimen has been shown to improve survival rates. This phase 2 trial aimed to assess the efficacy of a Burkitt-like approach for high-risk DLBCL using the dose-intense R-CODOX-M/R-IVAC regimen. / Patients and methods: Eligible patients were aged 18–65 years with stage II–IV untreated DLBCL and an International Prognostic Index (IPI) score of 3–5. Patients received alternating cycles of CODOX-M (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin and high-dose methotrexate) alternating with IVAC chemotherapy (ifosfamide, etoposide and high-dose cytarabine) plus eight doses of rituximab. Response was assessed by computed tomography after completing all four cycles of chemotherapy. The primary end point was 2-year progression-free survival (PFS). / Results: A total of 111 eligible patients were registered; median age was 50 years, IPI score was 3 (60.4%) or 4/5 (39.6%), 54% had a performance status ≥2 and 9% had central nervous system involvement. A total of 85 patients (76.6%) completed all four cycles of chemotherapy. There were five treatment-related deaths (4.3%), all in patients with performance status of 3 and aged >50 years. Two-year PFS for the whole cohort was 67.9% [90% confidence interval (CI) 59.9–74.6] and 2-year overall survival was 76.0% (90% CI 68.5–82.0). The ability to tolerate and complete treatment was lower in patients with performance status ≥2 who were aged >50 years, where 2-year PFS was 43.5% (90% CI 27.9–58.0). / Conclusions: This trial demonstrates that R-CODOX-M/R-IVAC is a feasible and effective regimen for the treatment of younger and/or fit patients with high-risk DLBCL. These encouraging survival rates demonstrate that this regimen warrants further investigation against standard of care. / Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00974792) and EudraCT (2005-003479-19)

Favourable outcomes for high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (IPI 3-5) treated with front-line R-CODOX-M/R-IVAC chemotherapy: results of a phase 2 UK NCRI trial.

BACKGROUND: Outcomes for patients with high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated with R-CHOP chemotherapy are suboptimal but, to date, no alternative regimen has been shown to improve survival rates. This phase 2 trial aimed to assess the efficacy of a Burkitt-like approach for high-risk DLBCL using the dose-intense R-CODOX-M/R-IVAC regimen. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients were aged 18-65 years with stage II-IV untreated DLBCL and an International Prognostic Index (IPI) score of 3-5. Patients received alternating cycles of CODOX-M (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin and high-dose methotrexate) alternating with IVAC chemotherapy (ifosfamide, etoposide and high-dose cytarabine) plus eight doses of rituximab. Response was assessed by computed tomography after completing all four cycles of chemotherapy. The primary end point was 2-year progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: A total of 111 eligible patients were registered; median age was 50 years, IPI score was 3 (60.4%) or 4/5 (39.6%), 54% had a performance status ≥2 and 9% had central nervous system involvement. A total of 85 patients (76.6%) completed all four cycles of chemotherapy. There were five treatment-related deaths (4.3%), all in patients with performance status of 3 and aged >50 years. Two-year PFS for the whole cohort was 67.9% [90% confidence interval (CI) 59.9-74.6] and 2-year overall survival was 76.0% (90% CI 68.5-82.0). The ability to tolerate and complete treatment was lower in patients with performance status ≥2 who were aged >50 years, where 2-year PFS was 43.5% (90% CI 27.9-58.0). CONCLUSIONS: This trial demonstrates that R-CODOX-M/R-IVAC is a feasible and effective regimen for the treatment of younger and/or fit patients with high-risk DLBCL. These encouraging survival rates demonstrate that this regimen warrants further investigation against standard of care. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00974792) and EudraCT (2005-003479-19)

Influence of argon pollution on the weld surface morphology

In this paper the surfaces of butt welded joints in steel tubes were analyzed using an optical 3D measurement system to determine the morphology and topographic parameters. It was established that pollution of the argon shield gas with oxygen did not influence the width of the heat-affected zone. However, the composition of the shield gas significantly influenced the surface asymmetry, Ssk, and its inclination Sku. The measurement of these parameters enabled the selection of a higher quality surface, which was visually proven by the reduction in discoloration of the surface of the weld joint. High quality surfaces eliminate a potential habitat for bacteria and a future source of corrosion as well as providing less resistance to fluid flow

Precision surface characterization for finish cylindrical milling with dynamic tool displacements model

In this work a new approach to surface roughness parameters estimation during finish cylindrical end milling is presented. The proposed model includes the influence of cutting parameters, the tool’s static run out and dynamic phenomena related to instantaneous tool deflections. The modeling procedure consists of two parts. In the first stage, tool working part instantaneous displacements are estimated using an analytical model which considers tool dynamic deflections and static errors of the machine – tool-holder – tool system. The obtained height of the tool’s displacement envelope is then applied in the second stage to the calculation of surface roughness parameters. These calculations assume that in the cylindrical milling process, two different mechanisms of surface profile formation exist. Which mechanism is present is dependent on the feed per tooth and the maximum height of the tool’s displacement envelope. The developed model is validated during cylindrical milling of hardened hot-work tool steel 55NiCrMoV6 using a stylus profiler and scanning laser vibrometer over a range of cutting parameters. The surface roughness values predicted by the developed model are in good agreement with measured values. It is found that the employment of a model which includes only the effect of static displacements gives an inferior estimation of surface roughness compared to the model incorporating dynamic tool deflection

Favourable outcomes for high‐risk Burkitt lymphoma patients (IPI 3‐5) treated with rituximab plus CODOX‐M/IVAC: Results of a phase 2 UK NCRI trial

INTRODUCTION: Outcomes after frontline treatment of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) have improved with the introduction of dose‐intense chemotherapy regimens, such as CODOX‐M/IVAC. While rituximab has increased survival rates for most forms of high‐grade B‐cell lymphoma, there has previously been hesitancy about incorporating it into BL treatment, partly due to concerns about increased toxicity. Prospective data using the standard dose CODOX‐M/IVAC regimen in combination with rituximab are lacking. We conducted a single‐arm phase 2 trial to assess the efficacy and toxicity of R‐CODOX‐M/R‐IVAC. METHODS: Eligible patients were aged 18–65 years, with newly diagnosed BL with MYC rearrangement as the sole cytogenetic abnormality, and high‐risk disease, defined by an International Prognostic Index (IPI) score of 3‐5. Patients received two cycles of R‐CODOX‐M chemotherapy alternating with two cycles of R‐IVAC, followed by two further cycles of rituximab alone. The primary endpoint was 2‐year progression‐free survival. RESULTS: Thirty‐eight patients were registered but after central pathology review, 27 patients had confirmed BL and commenced study treatment. Median age was 35 years, 14.8% patients had central nervous system involvement and 18.5% were HIV positive. Twenty‐two (81.4%) patients completed four cycles of chemotherapy. There were two treatment‐related deaths (7.4%). Two‐year progression‐free and overall survival rates were 77.2% (90% confidence interval [CI]: 56.0‐89.0) and 80.7% (90% CI: 59.6‐91.5), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective trial demonstrates excellent survival rates with R‐CODOX‐M/R‐IVAC in a high‐risk BL cohort. It provides reassuring evidence regarding the feasibility of this regimen and also provides a benchmark for future studies

Immunohistochemical Detection of MYC-driven Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease. A small subset of DLBCLs has translocations involving the MYC locus and an additional group has a molecular signature resembling Burkitt lymphoma (mBL). Presently, identification of such cases by morphology is unreliable and relies on cytogenetic or complex molecular methods such as gene transcriptional profiling. Herein, we describe an immunohistochemical (IHC) method for identifying DLBCLs with increased MYC protein expression. We tested 77 cases of DLBCL and identified 15 cases with high MYC protein expression (nuclear staining in >50% of tumor cells). All MYC translocation positive cases had increased MYC protein expression by this IHC assay. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of the DLBCL transcriptional profiles revealed that tumors with increased MYC protein expression (regardless of underlying MYC translocation status) had coordinate upregulation of MYC target genes, providing molecular confirmation of the IHC results. We then generated a molecular classifier derived from the MYC IHC results in our cases and employed it to successfully classify mBLs from two previously reported independent case series, providing additional confirmation that the MYC IHC results identify clinically important subsets of DLBCLs. Lastly, we found that DLBCLs with high MYC protein expression had inferior overall survival when treated with R-CHOP. In conclusion, the IHC method described herein can be used to readily identify the biologically and clinically distinct cases of MYC-driven DLBCL, which represent a clinically significant subset of DLBCL cases due to their inferior overall survival

Longitudinal expression profiling identifies a poor risk subset of patients with ABC-type Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma.

Despite the effectiveness of immuno-chemotherapy, 40% of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) experience relapse or refractory disease. Longitudinal studies have previously focused on the mutational landscape of relapse but falling short of providing a consistent relapse-specific genetic signature. In our study, we have focussed attention on the changes in gene expression profile accompanying DLBCL relapse using archival paired diagnostic/relapse specimens from 38 de novo DLBCL patients. Cell of origin remained stable from diagnosis to relapse in 84% of patients, with only a single patient showing COO switching from ABC to GCB. Analysis of the transcriptomic changes that occur following relapse suggest ABC and GCB relapses are mediated via different mechanisms. We developed a 30-gene discriminator for ABC-DLBCLs derived from relapse-associated genes, that defined clinically distinct high and low risk subgroups in ABC-DLBCLs at diagnosis in datasets comprising both population-based and clinical trial cohorts. This signature also identified a population of <60-year-old patients with superior PFS and OS treated with Ibrutinib-R-CHOP as part of the PHOENIX trial. Altogether this new signature adds to the existing toolkit of putative genetic predictors now available in DLBCL that can be readily assessed as part of prospective clinical trials