Recomendações para o cultivo do abacaxi em Sergipe.

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Strong Ramsey Games in Unbounded Time

For two graphs $B$ and $H$ the strong Ramsey game $\mathcal{R}(B,H)$ on the board $B$ and with target $H$ is played as follows. Two players alternately claim edges of $B$. The first player to build a copy of $H$ wins. If none of the players win, the game is declared a draw. A notorious open question of Beck asks whether the first player has a winning strategy in $\mathcal{R}(K_n,K_k)$ in bounded time as $n\rightarrow\infty$. Surprisingly, in a recent paper Hefetz et al. constructed a $5$-uniform hypergraph $\mathcal{H}$ for which they proved that the first player does not have a winning strategy in $\mathcal{R}(K_n^{(5)},\mathcal{H})$ in bounded time. They naturally ask whether the same result holds for graphs. In this paper we make further progress in decreasing the rank. In our first result, we construct a graph $G$ (in fact $G=K_6\setminus K_4$) and prove that the first player does not have a winning strategy in $\mathcal{R}(K_n \sqcup K_n,G)$ in bounded time. As an application of this result we deduce our second result in which we construct a $4$-uniform hypergraph $G'$ and prove that the first player does not have a winning strategy in $\mathcal{R}(K_n^{(4)},G')$ in bounded time. This improves the result in the paper above. An equivalent formulation of our first result is that the game $\mathcal{R}(K_\omega\sqcup K_\omega,G)$ is a draw. Another reason for interest on the board $K_\omega\sqcup K_\omega$ is a folklore result that the disjoint union of two finite positional games both of which are first player wins is also a first player win. An amusing corollary of our first result is that at least one of the following two natural statements is false: (1) for every graph $H$, $\mathcal{R}(K_\omega,H)$ is a first player win; (2) for every graph $H$ if $\mathcal{R}(K_\omega,H)$ is a first player win, then $\mathcal{R}(K_\omega\sqcup K_\omega,H)$ is also a first player win.Comment: 18 pages, 46 figures; changes: fully reworked presentatio

Sensible heat loss from Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) feeding in winter: small calves are not at a thermal disadvantage compared with adult cows

Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) are large (\u3e200 kg adult body mass) mammalian herbivores that overwinter in the polar regions. Calves are around one-third the body mass of mature females and may be expected to suffer greater thermal stresses in winter compared with adults because the ratio of surface area to volume (SA : vol) is much greater for calves than for adults. We found that during feeding bouts, when animals are fully exposed to environmental conditions, calves did lose sensible (dry) heat more readily than adults (W m(-2)) in still air conditions. However, calves and cows lost less than 2%-6% of their estimated daily digestible energy intake as conductive, convective, and radiant heat losses accumulated during feeding bouts. More important, calves did not lose relatively more heat than larger adults in terms of sensible losses as part of their daily energy intake. Coat surface temperatures were only 2 degrees-5 degrees C above ambient even when air temperature fell to -40 degrees C. Body temperatures recorded deep within the ear canal near the tympanum fluctuated in both cows and calves. Muskoxen combine peripheral heterothermy and an exceptional winter coat to minimize sensible heat loss in winter. These mechanisms appear to have circumvented some of the thermal problems normally associated with a high SA : vol ratio in calves, which reflects the strong selection to conserve energy in winter

Protocolo de cultura in vitro de embriões do coqueiro anão verde do Brasil de Jiqui.

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Nitrogen allocation to offspring and milk production in a capital breeder

Nitrogen (N) is a limiting nutrient for many herbivores, especially when plant availability and N content are low during the period of maternal investment, which is common for arctic ungulates. We used natural abundance of N isotopes to quantify allocation of maternal nitrogen to neonatal calves and milk in wild migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus). We contrasted female-calf pairs from two herds in northern Quebec/Labrador, Canada: Rivière-George herd (RG; low population size with heavy calves) and the Rivière-aux-Feuilles herd (RAF; high population size and small calves). We assessed whether females of both herds relied on body protein or dietary N to produce the neonatal calf and milk at calving and weaning. Female caribou of both herds relied mostly on body N for fetal development. RAF females allocated less body N to calves than did RG females (92% vs. 95% of calf N), which was consistent with the production of calves that were 8% smaller in RAF than in RG. Allocation of body N to milk was also high for both herds, similar at calving for RAF and RG females (88% vs. 91% of milk N, respectively), but lower in RAF than RG females (95% vs. 99% of milk N) at weaning, which was consistent with a small but significantly greater reliance on dietary N supplies to support milk production at weaning. Female caribou used body protein stores to ensure a constant supply of N for fetal growth and milk production that minimized the effects of trophic mismatches on reproduction. The combination of migration and capital investment may therefore allow females to produce calves and attenuate the effects of both temporal and spatial mismatches between vegetation green-up and calf growth, which ultimately would reduce trophic feedbacks on population growth. Our data suggest that small changes in maternal allocation of proteins over the long period of gestation produce significant changes in calf mass as females respond to changes in resources that accompany changes in the size and distribution of the population

Instruções para o cultivo da acerola.

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Thermodynamics and dark energy

A significant observational effort has been directed to unveil the nature of the so-called dark energy. However, given the large number of theoretical possibilities, it is possible that such a task cannot be performed on the basis only of the observational data. In this article we discuss some thermodynamic properties of this energy component by assuming that its constituents are massless quanta with a general time-dependent equation-of-state parameter $\omega(z)=\omega_0 + \omega_a f(z)$, where $\omega_0$ and $\omega_a$ are constants and $f(z)$ may assume different forms. We show that very restrictive bounds can be placed on the $w_0$ - $w_a$ space when current observational data are combined with the thermodynamic constraints derived.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, LaTe