Chemical composition and temperature influence on the rheological behaviour of honeys

The purpose of this work was to examine the viscoelastic properties of Spanish honeys with various sugar contents [fructose (32 42 g/100 g honey), glucose (24 35 g/100 g honey), sucrose (0.0 3.4 g/100 g honey)]; concentrations (79 83 ◦Brix), and moisture levels (16 19 g/100 g honey) at different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 40◦C). Honey showed Newtonian behaviour, presenting a highly viscous part (loss modulus was much greater than the elastic modulus). The loss modulus (G ) and viscosity increased with moisture content and a decrease with temperature. Exponential and power law models were applied to fit loss modulus and viscosity data. Polynomial models were proposed to describe the combined effect of temperature, fructose, glucose, sucrose content, other sugars, non-sugar substance, and moisture content.Oroian, MA.; Amariei, S.; Escriche Roberto, MI.; Leahu, A.; Damian, C.; Gutt, G. (2014). 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Chemical features, cholesterol and energy content of table hen eggs from conventional and alternative farming systems

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of conventional farming systems for laying hens (standard cage batteries) and new alternative systems (improved cages and free range), approved by European Union (EU) poultry welfare legislation, on the chemical and nutritional quality of table eggs. The biological material consisted of eggs laid by 1200 Lohmann Brown hens, aged 27 weeks, fed similarly (a corn-wheat-soymeal diet). Conventional AOAC methods were used to analyse the eggs, and gross energy was calculated based on organic matter energy. All data were subjected to ANOVA statistical computation. The eggs produced in conventional cages compared with those laid in free-range farming conditions, presented significantly higher concentrations of total lipids (11.40 ± 0.65 g/100 g vs. 10.78 ± 0.87 g/100 g), cholesterol (211 ± 6.31 μg/egg vs. 202 ± 7.79 μg/60 g egg) and gross energy (0.36 ± 0.007 MJ/egg vs. 0.35 ± 0.012 MJ/egg). Consequently, it could be stated that under similar dietary conditions, the cage-free system influenced hens to produce eggs with a higher nutritive value than in the other systems.Keywords: Battery cages, chemical composition, dietetic value, improved cages, free-range, laying hen

Ignition Evaluation of Monopropellant Blends of HAN and Imidazole-Based Ionic Liquid Fuels

Potential dual-mode monopropellant/electrospray capable binary mixtures of hydroxyl ammonium nitrate with ionic liquid fuels [Bmim][NO₃] and [Emim][EtSO₄] are synthesized and tested for monopropellant ignition capability in a micro reactor setup. The setup is benchmarked using 30% hydrogen peroxide solution decomposed via silver catalyst. Results show similar trends, but variance in the quantitative data obtained in literature. A parametric study on the geometry of the sample holder that contains the catalyst material in the reactor shows a large variance leading to the conclusion that quantitative data may only be compared to the exact same geometry. Hydrazine decomposition was conducted on unsupported iridium catalyst. The same trends in terms of pressure rise rate during decomposition (~160 mbar/s) are obtained with unsupported catalyst, but at 100⁰C instead of room temperature for tests conducted on supported catalysts in literature. Two catalyst materials were tested with the novel propellants: rhenium and iridium. For the [Bmim][NO₃]/HAN propellant, rhenium preheated to 160⁰C yielded a pressure slope of 26 mbar/s, compared to 14 mbar/s for iridium and 12 mbar/s for no catalyst at the same temperature. [Emim][EtSO₄]/HAN propellant shows slightly less activity at 160 o C preheat temperature, yielding a pressure slope of 20 mbar/s, 4 mbar/s, and 2.5 mbar/s for injection onto rhenium, iridium, and the thermal plate, respectively. Final results indicate that desirable ignition performance may potentially be obtained by using a supported rhenium catalyst, since the pressure slopes obtained with the new propellants on unsupported catalyst lie between that of hydrazine on iridium at 50⁰C and room temperature