Higher Dimensional Inhomogeneous Perfect Fluid Collapse in \emph{f(R)} Gravity

This paper is about the $n+2$-dimensional gravitational contraction of inhomogeneous fluid without heat flux in the framework of $f(R)$ metric theory of gravity. Matching conditions for two regions of a star has been derived by using the Darmois junction conditions. For the analytic solution of equations of motion in modified $f(R)$ theory of gravity, we have taken scalar curvature as constant. Hence final result of gravitational collapse in this frame work is the existence of black hole and cosmological horizons, both of these form earlier than singularity. It has been shown that constant curvature term $f(R_{0})$ ($R_0$ is constant scalar curvature) slows down the collapsing process.Comment: 17 Pages, to appear in European Physical Journal

Slurry Erosive Wear Behavior of Hot Extruded Al6061-Si3N4 Composite

Silicon nitride possess excellent hot hardness and wear resistance coupled with very good corrosion resistance. Hence, in recent years, silicon nitride has been a serious contender as a reinforcement to develop light weight metal matrix composites for several technological applications. Al6061 is most popular matrix alloy as it possess excellent formability and in particular the quality of extrudates of Al6061 is quite high and are the most preferred in space and naval applications especially for support structures and torpedoes blades respectively. Improved corrosion and slurry erosion resistance on use of silicon nitride in nickel and aluminum alloy matrices have been reported by several researchers. In the light of the above, this paper focuses on development of Al6061- 6wt% Si3N4 by stir casting the most economical and popular route followed by hot extrusion. Hot extrusion was carried out using 200T hydraulic press at extrusion ratio of 1:10 at a temperature of 5500C. Slurry erosion tests were carried out using 3.5% NaCl solution containing silica sand particles of size 312 μm at different rotational speeds varying between 300 rpm and 1200 rpm. The sand concentration was varied from 10 g/l to 40 g/l. Under identical test conditions, hot extruded Al6061- 6wt% Si3N4 composite do possess better slurry erosion resistance when compared with matrix alloy. The mechanism involved in the material removal process during slurry erosion process will also be discussed

Role of Skill India Initiative in Indian Food Processing Industries

Indian food processing sector has shown promising growth with wider scope to accelerate agricultural economy of the country. It has given level playing to the multinational corporate to excel direct retailing of the food products. This study has tried to explore the factors affecting the quality delivery in the food processing industry. The conceptual framework has been developed on the basis of existing literature and finds nine responsible factors to deliver quality in the food processing industry. Statistical tests are used to examine the quest, based on the inputs from 50 food processing entrepreneurs. A survey based on structured questionnaire was conducted in three districts of Uttar Pradesh. The finding reveals that availability of educated and trained workers are the most challenging task for food processing players. The study further explores the potential and prospect of Skill India initiative in resolving the scarcity of qualified manpower. It is found that PMKVY (Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana) is giving the meaningful result by adding expertise to employed and unemployed individuals. This initiative is producing competent workforce in almost every zone in India. It is needed to include industrial participation for delivering training so that the needs of both parties were fulfilled.JEL Classification: L66, J24, P23, L15, P4

Callus induction via different growth regulators from cotyledon explants of indigenous chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars KK-1 and Hassan-2K

Callus induction from cotyledon explants was studied in indigenous chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars KK-1 and Hassan-2K on MS and B5 media containing different combinations and concentrations of growth regulators. Different MS and B5 callusing media containing varying level of 2, 4-D (2 and 4 mg/l), NAA (0.50 and 1 mg/l), BAP (5 and 10 μM) and their combinations were tested for callus induction response. Percent callus and callus fresh weight (g) were recorded after two and four weeks of culture for both genotypes. For KK-1 cultivar, the maximum callus frequency (71 and 97%) followed by (65 and 96%) were observed on 4 mg/l 2,4-D+5 μM BAP in MS and 4 mg/l 2,4-D in B5 media, respectively after two and four weeks of culture. Similarly, the highest callus fresh weight (0.411 and 0.787 g) were also recorded for MS+4 mg/l 2,4-D+5 μM BAP in contrast to B5 where the highest callus weight (0.401 and 0.693 g) was achieved on 4 mg/l 2,4-D only. In Hassan -2K, the highest callus % (68 and 96) and fresh weight (0.572 and 0.821 g) were recorded on MS+4 mg/l 2,4-D+0.50 mg/l NAA after two and four weeks of culture, respectively. In B5 medium, 2,4-D+BAP combination produced average callus induction response for both cultivars.Key words: Callus induction, chick pea cotyledons, growth regulators

Phyto-agglutinin, total proteins and amino assimilating enzymatic activity of indigeneous chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars

Biochemical studies were carried out with in vitro micropropagated plantlets of two indigenous cultivars of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), KK-1 and Hassan-2K, where extract from shoots, leaves, roots, and reproductive organs were determined for human erythrocyte agglutination (by mixing the lectin containing extract 1:1 with a 2% erythrocyte suspension), protein profiling and the amino assimilating (glutamine synthetase) enzymatic activity. Both of KK-1 and Hassan-2K cultivars extract showed highly phyto-agglutination of human erythrocytes with reproductive organs and other tissues, which represents the presence of potent lectins (phyto-agglutinin). The amino assimilating enzymatic activity of green leaves of Hasan-2K was found higher (3.545 GS μmol.gfw-1.min-1) as compared to KK-1 (2.873 GS μmol.gfw-1.min-1). Protein content profile showed variation in bulk proteins of various tissues, higher (12.634 μg/gfw) and (2.987 μg/gfw) in reproductive organs of KK-1 and Hasan-2K, respectively.Key words: Chickpea, glutamine synthetase, glyco-protein, lectin, phyto-agglutinin