Attouda (Hisar) antik kenti

Denizli ili, Sarayköy ilçesi, Hisar mahallesinde bulunan Attouda antik kenti, iki bölge arasındaki geçiş noktasına kurulmuştur. Kentin yapıları ile ilgili olarak cami bahçesi ve mahalle meydanları ile evlerin önlerinde pek çok mimari eleman bulunmaktadır. Bu makalede, Arkeolojik kalıntılar ve yazılı kaynaklara göre, Attouda hakkında yapılan çalışmaların ve mimari elemanların genel bir değerlendirmesi yer almaktadır. Bulunduğu bölge içinde önemli bir konuma sahip olan bu kent, MÖ II. yüzyılda Pergamonlular zamanında, adı değiştirilerek ön plana çıkarılmıştır. Attoudalılar Hellenistik Dönem’de yakaladıkları bu şansı, antikçağ boyunca hep korumuş ve devamlı gelişme göstermiştir. Buraya yaygın olarak mermerin getirilip yapılar inşa edilmesi, buluntulara göre MS I. yüzyıldan itibaren başlamış ve özellikle MS II. yüzyılda artmıştır. Attouda’da tespit edilenler, bir dağ kenti için oldukça ileridir. Antikçağda Salbakos Dağı üzerinde bu çevrede bulunan küçük yerleşimlerin dini, ekonomik ve siyasi anlamda toplandığı yer burası olmalıdır. Bu nedenle böl-genin ticari merkezinin de burası olduğu açıktır. Böy-lelikle insanlar buradaki pazarlarda toplanmış ve hem getirdikleri ürünü satmışlar hem de buradan gerekli olan ihtiyaçlarını satın alarak gitmişlerdir. Bu hareketlilik, bu çevre için ulaşımı kolay Attouda’ya, ticaret merkezi ol-ma imkanı sağlamış ve ciddi anlamda ekonomik zengin-lik kazandırmıştır. Bulunduğu yer nedeniyle büyük ta-rım alanları olmadığından, burada hayvancılığa ağırlık verilmiştir. Bu bir anlamda dağ kentlerinin bir kaderi olmakla birlikte, çoğu yerleşim bunu Attouda örneğinde olduğu şekilde avantaja dönüştürememiştir. Bu ticari hareketliliğin burada son zamanlara kadar devam ettiği anlaşılmaktadır

The genetic history of the Southern Arc: a bridge between West Asia and Europe

By sequencing 727 ancient individuals from the Southern Arc (Anatolia and its neighbors in Southeastern Europe and West Asia) over 10,000 years, we contextualize its Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age (about 5000 to 1000 BCE), when extensive gene flow entangled it with the Eurasian steppe. Two streams of migration transmitted Caucasus and Anatolian/Levantine ancestry northward, and the Yamnaya pastoralists, formed on the steppe, then spread southward into the Balkans and across the Caucasus into Armenia, where they left numerous patrilineal descendants. Anatolia was transformed by intra–West Asian gene flow, with negligible impact of the later Yamnaya migrations. This contrasts with all other regions where Indo-European languages were spoken, suggesting that the homeland of the Indo-Anatolian language family was in West Asia, with only secondary dispersals of non-Anatolian Indo-Europeans from the steppe

Stratonikeia’da hellenistik dönem öncesi

district of Muğla province. Stratonikeia is that rare site where there are structures ranging from ancient times to the Ottoman and Turkish Republic periods. Thus, a visitor has the opportunity to see many structures from different periods spanning three thousand years. After 281 BC the Seleucid King Antiochos I changed the name of the city to Stratonikeia after his former stepmother and later wife. However, the city existed before the Hellenistic period and was one of the major settlements in the region. Fortifications of the Leleg type and some other structures were constructed in the Archaic and Classical periods. In particular, in the period of the Hekatomnids in the 4th century BC, both upper and lower cities were surrounded by new fortification walls, which had at least four gates. Examples of Carian vases were found during the excavations and surveys carried out in Stratonikeia by Yusuf Boysal. They dated from the Late Geometric and Archaic periods. Sub-Mycenaean and Carian vases found in Straonikeia have also been published by George Hanfmann and Jane Waldbaum. According to this publication, Stratonikeia or its immediate vicinity had a Sub-Mycenaean settlement. There are inscriptions in Greek on the interior façade of the Bouleuterion north anta wall. One of them is about the calendar made by Menippos and dates from the beginning of the first century B.C. The calendar carries the date 1505, which refers to the year of the foundation of the city itself. Thus, according to historical records and archaeological finds, there was a settlement at Stratonikeia from about the mid-second millennium B.C

Naiskoi from the sacred percinct of lagina hekate: augustus and sarapis

During the excavations at Lagina Hekate sanctuary in the Karia Region, blocks of naiskoi were found at Byzantine building between the temple of Hekate and her monumental altar. These naiskoi are dated in first and second century A.D. As to the inscriptions on architrave of entablature, one of them belongs to Augustus. It means that a small entablature and pediment of marble evidently belonging to a naiskos housing the statue of Augustus. Relief on different Pediment block tells the story about the temple which built for Sarapis and dated was second century A.D. The Sarapis bust figure in the centre of pediment is depicted as a bust with a modius on his head. In the area, all the naiskoi belong to two different kind of architectural structures which are Ionic and Corinthian order. The plans are in antis and prostylos

Stratonikeia’daki koruma uygulamalarından örnekler

Stratonikeia lies within the Eskihisar neighbourhood, 7 km west of the Yatağan district in the province of Muğla in Turkey. The site is located on the road from Yatağan to Milas. Excavations and surveys at Stratonikeia show that the city has been settled uninterruptedly from the Late Bronze Age to the present. The name of the settlement was Atriya in Hittite Period, Khrysaoris in Archaic Period, Idrias and Hekatesia in Classical Period, Stratonikeia in Hellenistic Period, and finally Eskihisar in the Turkish period. Throughout its history Stratonikeia suffered from many earthquakes and was rebuilt numerous times. Stratonikeia is a place where one can see monuments from antiquity as well as the Ottoman and Turkish Republic Periods. Hellenistic and Ottoman monuments face each other flanking an Ottoman street. A visitor has the opportunity to visit monuments from different periods walking on stone-paved streets of the Ottoman period. Therefore the ruins from different periods are conserved in the different parts of the city. We carry out a comprehensive conservation work as a part of the excavation project. This article is about examples of this conservation in Stratonikeia