PRODUCCIÓN DE TOMATE EN INVERNADERO CON COMPOSTA Y VERMICOMPOSTA COMO SUSTRATO

The organic production of food is an alternative for consumers that prefer food free of pesticides, synthetic fertilisers, and with a high nutritional value. The purpose of this study was to evaluate substrates prepared with mixtures of compost and vermicompost with sand, at various levels, under greenhouse conditions. The tomato hybrid SUN-7705 (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) was analized in four substrates that included compost and vermicompost mixed at three different proportions (100, 75 y 50 %). The treatments were distributed in a completely randomised design with a factorial arrangement of 4x3 and five replicates. The greatest average yield (39.811 t ha) was obtained with the compost generated by decomposing bovine manure, corn stover (Zea mays L.), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumacher) and black earth (CEMZT) at 75% + sand, and with the vermicompost generated by manure, bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) and black earth (VEPT) at 100 and 50% + sand. This yield was greater than that recorded for organic tomato production in the field, without affecting the quality of the fruit

Sowing of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) in the humid tropical climate of Tabasco, México

Objective: The objective was to evaluate Stevia rebaudiana in climatic conditions in the state of Tabasco, México. Design/methodology/approach: Plants of stevia were sowings in three times consecutive for one year, this were progressively adapting the management and establishment of the crop according to the results obtained in the previous seeding. The percentage of survival was calculated at 15 days ddt. Plant height was measured at 60 days and the problems observed in each cycle were documented. Climatic variables were recorded. Results: As a result, it was discovered that sowing December (2019) there were bending problems, soil splashing on the leaves and foliar fungal diseases, with 71 % of plant survival. In the sowing of April (2020), there was 40 % of plant survival, plants generalized chlorosis and no growth caused by excessive solar radiation; finally, in August (2020), 89 % of plant survival with height of 20.55 cm average. Limitations on study/implications: A limiting factor for achieve this research was the rainfall that caused flooding in June and October 2020; is necessary finish the crop to know the quality of the harvest by determining steviosides content. Findings/conclusions: In conclusion, the cultivation of stevia can be cultivated in the climatic conditions of Tabasco, if rainy seasons and high temperatures are avoided during the first stage of cultivation; water is a limiting factor that causes phytopathological problems and the death of the plant.Objective: To evaluate Stevia rebaudiana under the climatic conditions of the state of Tabasco, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: Three consecutive sowings of stevia plants were carried out for one year, progressively adapting the management and crop establishment according to the results obtained in the previous sowing. The survival percentage at 15 days after transplantation (dat) was calculated. Plant height was measured at 60 days and limitations observed in each crop cycle were recorded, as well as climatic variables. Results: bending problems, soil splashing on the leaves, and foliar fungal diseases were recorded during the December 2019 sowing; however, 71% of the plants survived the transplant. In the April 2020 sowing, 40% of the plants survived the transplant; nevertheless, the plants showed generalized chlorosis and lack of growth, as a consequence of excessive solar radiation. Finally, in August 2020, the survival rate reached 89% and an average plant height of 20.55 cm was recorded. Study Limitations/Implications: the rainfall that caused flooding in June and October 2020 limited the development of this research. Likewise, to determine the steviosides content and establish the quality of the harvest, the cultivation cycle must conclude. Findings/Conclusions: Stevia can be grown in the climatic conditions of Tabasco, as long as the rainy seasons and high temperatures are avoided during the first stage of cultivation. Water is a limiting factor that causes phytopathological problems and the death of the plant

Uso de compostas y vermicompostas para la producción de tomate orgánico en invernadero

Una alternativa en la agricultura orgánica es la utilización de sustratos orgánicos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de tres compostas y tres vermicompostas mezcladas en diferentes proporciones (100, 75 y 50%) con arena, sobre el rendimiento y calidad de tomate, bajo condiciones de invernadero. Se utilizó el híbrido SUN-7705 de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Los 18 tratamientos se distribuyeron en un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 6×3 con cinco repeticiones en dos fechas de siembra. Se detectaron diferencias estadísticas entre fechas de siembra (p≤0,01). Los resultados indican que las mejores siete mezclas fueron vermicomposta de estiércol de ganado vacuno + rastrojo de maíz + tierra negra (VEMT) 75% + arena; vermicomposta de estiércol de ganado vacuno + pasto bahía (Paspalum notatum Flüggé) + tierra negra (VEPT) 100, 75 y 50% + arena; vermicomposta de estiércol de ganado vacuno + rastrojo de maíz + tierra negra (VEMT) 50% + arena; y vermicomposta de estiércol de ganado vacuno + rastrojo de maíz + zacate elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schumacher; VEMZT) 100 y 75% + arena; con una media de 54,527t•ha-1. Los frutos de mayor tamaño se obtuvieron con la vermicomposta VEMT 75% + arena. El mayor contenido de sólidos solubles, se obtuvo con la mezcla VEPT 100% con 5,34ºBrix. Se concluye que se obtiene mayor rendimiento utilizando sustratos orgánicos con respecto al obtenido en producciones de tomate orgánico en campo, sin afectar la calidad del fruto

Methods for the control of whitefly (Aleyrodidae) in citrus: a systematic review

Objective: The work consisted of carrying out a systematic review of the methods used to control whitefly in citrus crops, the species of whitefly present and the organisms used for biological control, based on original articles published in the period 1950 to 2021. Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses. The literature was obtained from electronic databases. Mendeley was used as a bibliographic manager and a database was created from which the information analysis was carried out. Results: Two groups were identified as control methods: 1) chemical control and 2) biological control, the latter being the most used. Parasitoids were the most used as biological control, particularly several genera of the Aphelinidae family. Aleurothrixus floccosus was the most frequent in citrus orchards. Limitations on study/implications: Information is limited and scattered and there are no data on the efficacy of the methods. Findings/conclusions: The use of antagonistic organisms used as a method of biological control is of great relevance due to the effect they have on pests since they contribute to naturally regulating the population levels of insects that are harmful to citrus crops.Objective: To carry out a systematic review of original articles published from 1950 to 2021 about the methods used to control whitefly on citrus crops and the biological control organisms. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The reference works were retrieved from electronic databases. The Mendeley Bibliography Manager was used to create a new data base which, in its turn, was used to analyze the information. Results: Two groups were identified as control methods: 1) chemical control, and 2) biological control. The latter was used with greater frequency than the former. Several genera of the family Aphelinidae were the parasitoids most frequently used for biological control. Aleurothrixus floccosus was the most frequent pest in citrus orchards. Study Limitations/Implications: The information is limited and scattered. There is no information about the efficiency of the methods. Findings/Conclusions: The use of antagonistic organisms used as a biological control method is of utmost importance, given the impact those organisms have on pests. They make a contribution to the natural regulation of the population levels of harmful insects in citrus crops

Evaluación de la calidad de suelo de Tabasco, México, con métodos convencionales, espectroscopia de infrarrojo cercano y quimiometría

Se realizó una investigación retrospectiva – prospectiva, para establecer un índice de calidad de los suelos (ICS) de la región de los Ríos (RR) en Tabasco, México y su modelación con la tecnología de infrarrojo cercano (NIR) y la quimiometría. Con la relación MO / (arcilla + limo) se estableció el ICS para evaluar los suelos Cambisoles de la RR. El porcentaje de MO y el ICS fueron comparados para definir el mejor calificador de la calidad de los suelos. Con base en el ICS, el 58% de los suelos de la RR presentan degradación, mientras que, solo el 14% de los suelos indican que presentan baja concentración de MO. Por lo que se concluye que el ICS es más sensible para cuantificar la degradación de los suelos cuando se comparó con la evaluación basada en la MO. Se recomienda un programa de manejo sostenible del suelo y prácticas edafológicas adaptadas a las condiciones locales, ambientales, sociales y económicas, para incrementar la MO y mejorar el ICS. Con el ICS se estableció un modelo de clasificación mediante espectroscopía de infrarrojo cercano y quimiometría. Se registraron los espectros de cada muestra de suelo y mediante interpretación quimiométrica se demostró que es posible establecer un modelo de análisis discriminante por mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS-DA) para predecir el ICS. El modelo cumple con todos los calificadores estadísticos y predice correctamente el ICS en el 100% de los casos. Se concluye que la tecnología NIR genera información suficiente para predecir el ICS; con la ventaja de, eliminar el consumo de reactivos, no se generan residuos de laboratorio, se reduce el tiempo de análisis a minutos y no se destruye la muestra en estudio. Y solo se necesita secar, moler y tamizar las muestras de suelos para evaluar la calidad estructural de suelos

Effects of different land uses on soil quality indicators in Lixisols from La Sabana, Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico

Objective: Evaluate the physical indicators of the quality of soils subjected to four different uses in Lixisols from La Sabana in Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: Nine variables were evaluated in soil samples from Lixisols located in La Sabana, Huimanguillo: infiltration rate, resistance to penetration, bulk density, total porosity, aggregate stability, thinning, depth of the horizon, volume and weight of soil loss. We used a completely randomized sample design, with a factor with four levels (each land use: pasture, rubber tree, rubber-cocoa and rubber-mahogany tree), and five treatment repetitions, each sampling point of the plot with the five-of-golds method, with the exception of the use with pasture, which was linear. Results: The reference soil group (RSG) corresponds to a Ferric Lixisol (Cutanic, Endoloamic, Epiarenic, Humic, Profondic), whose RSG has not been reported for the study area. The quality indicators are within acceptable limits. In soil loss, the pasture has conserved more over time, storing greater volume and weight of soil per hectare; the use with rubber (monoculture) has lost a greater amount of soil from the A horizon, evidenced by the decrease in its depth, volume and weight per hectare. Limitations on study/implications: Until a few years ago, in the study area within La Sabana in Huimanguillo, Acrisol had been described as the dominant RSG. Findings/conclusions: The presence of Acrisol in the study area is ruled out. Soil quality for all uses is acceptable.Objetivo: Evaluar los indicadores físicos de la calidad de suelos sometidos a cuatro usos distintos en Lixisols en la Objective: To evaluate the physical indicators of the quality of soils subjected to four different land uses in Lixisols from La Sabana in Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: Nine variables were evaluated in soil samples from Lixisols located in La Sabana, Huimanguillo: infiltration rate, resistance to penetration, bulk density, total porosity, aggregate stability, thinning, depth of the horizon, volume and weight of soil loss. We used a completely randomized sample design, with a factor with four levels (each land use: pasture, rubber tree, rubber-cacao and rubber-mahogany), and five treatment repetitions; each sampling point of the plot with the five-of-golds method, with the exception of the use with pasture, which was linear. Results: The reference soil group (RSG) corresponds to a Ferric Lixisol (Cutanic, Endoloamic, Epiarenic, Humic, Profondic), whose RSG has not been reported for the study area. The quality indicators are within acceptable limits. In soil loss, the pasture has conserved more over time, storing greater volume and weight of soil per hectare; the use with rubber (monoculture) has lost a greater amount of soil from the A horizon, evidenced by the decrease in its depth, volume and weight per hectare. Limitations on study/implications: Until a few years ago, in the study area within La Sabana in Huimanguillo, Acrisol had been described as the dominant RSG. Findings/conclusions: The presence of Acrisol in the study area is ruled out. Soil quality for all uses is acceptable

Almacenamiento de carbono y caracterización lignocelulósica de plantaciones comerciales de Tectona grandis L.f. en México

Teak is an exotic plant introduced to Mexico for its wood value. The aim of this study was to quantify the carbon stored in the plant biomass and soil and to determine the wood lignocellulosic composition in 6-years-old teak plantations in the Nayarit state, Mexico. In three plantations, dendrometric and biomass information were collected from 75 trees, as well as litter layer and soil to determine their properties. The differences were significant (p≤0.0001) when comparing the plantation with the highest and lowest growth in DBH (54 %), height (51.3 %) and basal area (78.7 %) being the soils with the best pH (6.2); as well as, the aerial biomass yield (59.4 %), teak carbon (60.2 %), litter layer (30.3 %) and soil (41.9 %) per surface, without differences in lignocellular contents. It is recommended to study the roots and soil nutrients, since they condition the teak efficiency regarding the climate change.La teca es una planta exótica introducida en México por el valor de su madera. El objetivo del estudio fue calcular el carbono almacenado en la biomasa vegetal y suelo para luego determinar la composición lignocelulósica de la madera en plantaciones de teca a los seis años en el estado de Nayarit, México. En tres plantaciones se colectó información dendrométrica y biomasa de 75 árboles, también de mantillo y suelo para determinar sus propiedades. Las diferencias fueron significativas (p≤0.0001) al comparar la plantación de mayor y menor crecimiento en DAP (54 %), altura (51.3 %) y área basal (78.7 %) siendo los suelos de mejor pH (6.2); así como el rendimiento en biomasa aérea (59.4 %), carbono en la teca (60.2 %), mantillo (30.3 %) y suelo (41.9 %) por superficie, sin diferencias en los contenidos lignocelulares. Se recomienda estudiar las raíces y nutrientes del suelo pues condicionan la eficiencia de la teca en torno al cambio climático

Fertilidad edáfica y nutrición en el cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en tres suelos de Tabasco, México

El cacao es un cultivo tradicional en el sur de México, que exhibe baja productividad debido a limitantes edáficas y de nutrición, por lo que el objetivo de la investigación fue diagnosticar la fertilidad edáfica y contenido nutrimental de las plantaciones de cacao, en los principales grupos de suelos cultivados en la Chontalpa, principal zona productora de Tabasco, para identificar las variables del suelo y nutrimentales que restringen la productividad del cultivo. Mediante análisis de imágenes satelitales, se seleccionaron sitios de muestreos en suelos representativos del área de estudio y se geoposicionaron las coordenadas para ubicarlos. Se describieron perfiles de suelos para clasificar los suelos de los sitios de estudio, y se colectaron muestras de suelos a las profundidades de 0-10, 10-30 y 30-50 cm, para determinar variables indicadoras de la fertilidad del suelo. En árboles productores se colectaron muestras foliares para determinar las concentraciones de macronutrientes. Los resultados indican que las plantaciones se cultivan sobre Vertisols, Cambisols y Fluvisols, que no presentan restricciones en la mayoría de las propiedades edáficas. Sin embargo, debido a la baja relación C/N (< 12) de los suelos, hay una disminución en los contenidos de MO y N, que se suman a un déficit de K, que provocan bajas concentraciones de ambos macronutrientes en el follaje de las plantas. Se concluye que las principales restricciones edáficas que pueden afectar al cultivo del cacao en la Chontalpa son la rápida pérdida de MO y déficit de N y K en el suelo, que provocan bajas concentraciones de ambos nutrientes en el follaje de los árboles

Impact on the soil and the infiltration as a consequence of oil palm cultivation (Elaeis guineensis jacq) in Tabasco

Objective: To evaluate the possible negative impacts on soil fertility, as a result of the soil use change from the grassland to oil palm. Design/methodology/approach: The following variables were evaluated: soil organic matter (SOM), bulk density (BD), mechanical penetration resistance (MPR), root system distribution, and infiltration in 5-, 11- and 25-year-old oil palm plantations, as well as in an adjoining grassland —whose land use had not changed to oil palm cultivation. Results: During the first years of cultivation, the substitution of the grassland for oil palm caused SOM losses, increased BD and MPR, and reduced infiltration levels. After 11 years, these effects became stable and were reversed. Therefore, in mature plantations of &gt;25 years, the soil and infiltration conditions improved, even surpassing the grassland. These changes occur at a depth of 40 cm and are attributable to the SOM provided by the root system; consequently, root distribution does not block infiltration, becoming a beneficial factor, particularly in mature plantations. Study limitations/implications: The research must be replicated under other soil conditions, in order to observe the fertility behavior. Findings/conclusions: After the grassland is replaced by oil palm, soil fertility deteriorates during the first years; fertility becomes stable and recovers after 11 years. Meanwhile, the effect reverses and surpasses grassland fertility levels after 25 years

Evaluation of Suitable Lands for Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Using Geographic Information Systems in the Sierra Region, Tabasco, Mexico

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the edaphic aptitude of Elaeis guineensis J. at a semi-detailed level (scale 1: 50000) in Plains and Terrazas de Tabasco (PTT). Design/methodology/approach: The edaphic requirements consisted of a semi-detailed soil map. The evaluation of the edaphic aptitude was based on the agroecological zoning methodology proposed by FAO, and the final 1: 50000 scale map was designed with the algebra mapping tool with the ArcGis Geographic Information System. Results: The Gleysols, Fluvisols, Luvisols and Lixisols groups dominate the PTT, with 65.1%, 16.2%, 6.3% and 4% respectively. 79.95% of the soils have zero aptitude towards oil palm. Limitations on study/implications: In the economy of the Mexican Southeast, oil palm is the eighth most important perennial crop above cocoa, in this scenario it is possible the expansion of plantations in the country, therefore, it is important to comply with internal regulations and carry. Findings/conclusions: The limiting factor to establish Elaeis guineensis plantations in the plains and terraces of Tabasco, Mexico, is the internal drainage of the Gleysols soils.Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the edaphic suitability of Elaeis guineensis at a semi-detailed scale (1:50000), in the Plains and Terraces of Tabasco, Mexico (PTT). Design/Methodology/Approach: The edaphic requirements consisted of a semi-detailed soil map. The evaluation of the edaphic suitability was based on the agroecological zoning methodology proposed by FAO and the final 1:50000 scale map was developed using the algebra mapping tool with the ArcGis® Geographic Information System. Results: The Gleysols, Fluvisols, Luvisols, and Lixisols groups dominate the PTT, with 65.1, 16.2, 6.3, and 4%, respectively. Most of the soils (79.95%) have zero suitability for oil palm. Study Limitations/Implications: Oil palm is the eighth most important perennial crop (over cocoa) for the economy of southeastern Mexico. In this scenario, the expansion of plantations in the country is a possibility; therefore, complying with internal regulations and carry is important. Findings/Conclusions: The internal drainage of Gleysols soils limits the establishment of E. guineensis plantations in the plains and terraces of Tabasco, Mexico