Evolución y desarrollo del texto de especialidad

Writing volves in society and so do kinds of text in a discourse community in specific ways. The disciplines involved in the analysis of these written texts follow these changes and explain these adjustments. This article reviews the idea of texts when discourse analysis began. Its objective is to look at how this concept has evolved within each discourse community through the several changes that have occurred in the society during the last few decades.La escritura evoluciona con la sociedad y el texto lo hace dentro de cada comunidad discursiva de forma específica. Las disciplinas que se han ocupado de analizar los textos escritos se hacen eco de estos cambios y explican cuáles son las adaptaciones que siguen en esta transformación. En el presente artículo se parte de la concepción del texto desde los inicios del Análisis del Discurso para observar cómo este concepto ha evolucionado dentro de cada comunidad disciplinaria de mano de los distintos cambios que se han venido produciendo en la sociedad durante las últimas décadas

PRINCIPIO DEMOCRÁTICO Y DERECHO A DECIDIR

En aquestes pàgines es tracta de reflexionar sobre la connexió, a primera vista evident, entre el principi democràtic i el dret a decidir. Tanmateix, es posen de manifest algunes de les contradiccions en què cauen alguns dels seus valedors i es defensa, al contrari, la necessitat d’establir que la relació entre el principi de l’Estat de dret i el principi democràtic no pot ser de preeminència de cap d’ells sobre l’altre. La raó es troba en el fet que no es pot entendre el principi democràtic com la mera suma de les voluntats particulars d’una determinada col·lectivitat, sinó com a expressió de les condicions que asseguren la conformació d’una voluntat política racional. El principi democràtic només es pot comprendre així des d’una concepció normativa i no fàctica del poder sobirà.En estas páginas se trata de reflexionar sobre la conexión, a primera vista evidente, entre el principio democrático y el derecho a decidir. Sin embargo, se ponen de manifiesto algunas de las contradicciones en las que caen algunos de sus valedores y se defiende, por el contrario, la necesidad de establecer que la relación entre el principio del Estado de derecho y el principio democrático no puede serlo de preeminencia de ninguno de ellos sobre el otro. La razón se encuentra en que no cabe entender el principio democrático como la mera suma de las voluntades particulares de una determinada colectividad, sino como expresión de las condiciones que aseguran la conformación de una voluntad política racional. El principio democrático sólo puede comprenderse así desde una concepción normativa y no fáctica del poder soberano.This article aims at reflecting upon the connection, evident at first sight, between the democratic principle and the right to decide. However, the article highlights some of the contradictions in which some supporters of such connection fall, and defends that the relationship between the principle of the rule of law and the democratic principle cannot give either preeminence over the other. The reason lies in the idea that the democratic principle cannot be understood as the mere sum of particular wills from a specific community, but rather as an expression of the conditions that ensure the formation of a rationally political will. The democratic principle can only be understood from a normative, and not factual, conception of sovereign power

Retirement incentives, individual heterogeneity and labour transitions of employed and unemployed workers

In this paper we analyze the sensitivity of the labour market decisions of workers close to retirement with respect to the incentives created by public regulations. We improve upon the extensive prior literature on the effect of pension incentives on retirement in two ways. First, by modeling the transitions between employment, unemployment and retirement in a simultaneous manner, paying special attention to the transition from unemployment to retirement (which is particularly important in Spain). Second, by considering the influence of unobserved heterogeneity in the estimation of the effect of our (carefully constructed) incentive variables. Using administrative data, we find that, when properly defined, economic incentives have a strong impact on labour market decisions in Spain. Unemployment regulations are shown to be particularly influential for retirement behaviour, along with the more traditional determinants linked to the pension system. Pension variables also have a major bearing on both workers’ reemployment decisions and on the strategic actions of employers. The quantitative impact of the incentives, however, is greatly affected by the existence of unobserved heterogeneity among workers. Its omission leads to sizable biases in the assessment of the sensitivity to economic incentives, a finding that has clear consequences for the credibility of any model-based policy analysis. We confirm the importance of this potential problem in one especially interesting instance: the reform of early retirement provisions undertaken in Spain in 2002. We use a difference-in-difference approach to measure the behavioural reaction to this change, finding a large overestimation when unobserved heterogeneity is not taken into account.Retirement, unemployment, incentives, Pension system, Unobserved, heterogeneity, Spain.