New challenges for accountability in times of the pandemic: populism and algorithmocracy

Este artículo presenta al populismo y a los siste-mas de inteligencia artificial como dos procesos que desafían y cuestionan el funcionamiento de la red institucional de rendición de cuentas en las democracias representativas. En cuanto al primero, se postula que los gobiernos populistas tienden a erosionar la rendición de cuentas. Y con respecto a lo segundo, se muestra la debili-dad de la red institucional para hacerles rendir cuentas. Por el momento, la evidencia disponible indica que ambos procesos son independientes. Sin embargo, un eventual solapamiento entre ambos conduciría a la rendición de cuentas a un terreno desconocido hasta el momentoThis article looks at how populism and artificial intelligence systems challenge the functioning of the institutional network of accountability in representative democracies. For the former, populist governments erode accountability; as for the latter, the institutional network fails to make artificial intelligence systems accountable. Currently, the available evidence indicates that both processes are independent. However, an eventual overlap would lead to accountability in hitherto unknown places.Fil: Avaro, Dante Adalberto. Universidad Nacional de Villa Maria. Centro de Conocimiento, Formacion E Investigacion En Estudios Sociales. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Centro de Conocimiento, Formacion E Investigacion En Estudios Sociales.; ArgentinaFil: Sánchez y Sánchez, Carlos Luis. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Méxic

Immunohistochemical expression of podoplanin (D2-40), lymphangiogenesis, and neoangiogenesis in tooth germ, ameloblastomas, and ameloblastic carcinomas

BACKGROUND: Ameloblastoma is a benign but locally aggressive odontogenic tumor, while ameloblastic carcinoma is its malignant counterpart. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in malignancies have been correlated with higher aggressiveness and poor prognosis, as well as greater expression of podoplanin by tumoral cells. METHODS: Immunohistochemical expression of podoplanin, CD34, and CD105 (endoglin) was evaluated in 53 ameloblastomas and three ameloblastic carcinomas; additionally, immunohistochemistry for podoplanin was also performed in 10 tooth germs. Microvessel density of blood and lymphatic vessels was calculated and compared between ameloblastomas and ameloblastic carcinomas. Immunoexpression of podoplanin by ameloblastic cells was evaluated in tooth germs, ameloblastomas, and ameloblastic carcinomas. RESULTS: Podoplanin was similarly expressed by odontogenic epithelial cells of tooth germs and ameloblastomas, while its expression was lower in ameloblastic carcinomas. There was no difference in microvessel density assessed by CD34 between ameloblastomas and ameloblastic carcinomas; nevertheless, the latter presented higher amounts of lymphatic and new formed blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that podoplanin does not seem to be involved in invasion mechanisms of ameloblastic carcinomas, as its expression was decreased in the malignant tumoral cells. On the other hand, the increased lymphatic microvessel density and neoangiogenesis found in ameloblastic carcinomas could be related to its aggressiveness and potential for metastasis

Caracterización genómica de la integración in vitro del VIH-1 en células mononucleares de sangre periférica, macrófagos y células T de Jurkat

ResumenIntroducciónLa mayor parte del genoma celular es accesible a la integración retroviral; sin embargo, se propone que este proceso no es aleatorio y es dependiente de cada retrovirus.ObjetivosIdentificar y caracterizar las regiones del genoma humano en donde ocurre la integración del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana de tipo 1 (VIH-1) en células mononucleares de sangre periférica, macrófagos y células T de Jurkat infectadas.Materiales y métodosSe seleccionaron 300 secuencias de ADN humano obtenidas por el método de ligación mediada por PCR, previamente depositadas en el GenBank. Utilizando el programa BLAST, sólo 264 de ellas se incluyeron en el estudio, pues se pudo obtener información sobre localización cromosómica, genes anotados, secuencias repetidas, número de islas CpG y tiempo medio de replicación, entre otras variables genómicas. Estas secuencias se exportaron a otras bases de datos.ResultadosEl 53% (140/264) de las integraciones se registraron en bandas G. El 70,45% de los provirus se localizaron en los genes humanos anotados, mientras que el restante lo hizo en elementos repetidos. En general, la selección del sitio de integración se relacionó con las características locales genómicas y estructurales de la cromatina, entre las que se incluyen secuencias Alu-Sx y L1, densidad génica y de islas CpG, remodelación de la cromatina y tiempo de replicación. Éstas influenciarían la interacción eficiente del complejo de preintegración con los genomas celulares.ConclusiónSe determinó que la integración del VIH-1 en los genomas celulares estudiados estaría condicionada por características diferenciales de la cromatina y por procesos epigenéticos que influirían la selección del sitio blanco de integración.AbstractIntroductionMost of the infected host cell genome is available for retroviral integration; however, it has been proposed that this process does not occur at random and depends upon each type of retrovirus.ObjectiveThe objective is to identify and characterize differences in human genome regions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, macrophages and Jurkat T cells in which integration of HIV-1 occurs.Material and MethodsThree hundred human DNA genome sequences, previously deposited in the GenBank, were selected at random. Using program BLAST, only 264 of them were included in the study because relevant information about chromosomal position, associated genes, repetitive sequences, number of CpG islands and average replication time was available; these sequences were exported to other data bases for analysis.Results53% (140/264) of integrations were located on G bands. 70.45% of provirus was located in human genes and the rest was located in repetitive elements. In general the integration site selection was correlated with genomics and structural characteristics of cell chromatin including Alu-Sx and L1 sequences, gene and CpG island densities, remodeling of chromatin, and replication time. All of them would influence the efficient interaction between the pre-integration complex and target cell genomes.ConclusionIt was determined that HIV-1 integration in target cellular genomes would be conditioned by differential characteristics of associated chromatin and by epigenetic processes that would influence the selection of integration sites

Comparison of the value of PCNA and Ki-67 as markers of cell proliferation in ameloblastic tumors

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare among PCNAand Ki-67 as the most reliable immunohisto chemical marker for evaluating cell proliferation in ameloblastic tumors. Study Design: Observational, retrospective, and descriptive study of a large series of ameloblastic tumors, com- D esign: Observational, retrospective, and descriptive study of a large series of ameloblastic tumors, com- esign: Observational, retrospective, and descriptive study of a large series of ameloblastic tumors, com posed of 161 ameloblastomas and four ameloblastic carcinomas, to determine and compare PCNA and Ki-67 expression using immunohistochemistry techniques. Results: When analyzing Ki-67 positivity, the desmoplastic ameloblastoma demonstrated a significantly lower proliferation rate (1.9%) compared with the solid/multicystic and unicystic ameloblastomas and ameloblastic car cinomas (p<0.05), whereas the ameloblastic carcinomas displayed a significantly higher rate compared with all of the other ameloblastomas (48.7%) (p<0.05). When analyzing cell proliferation with PCNA, we found significant differences only between the ameloblastic carcinomas (93.3%) and the desmoplastic ameloblastomas (p<0.05). When differences between the immunopositivity for PCNA and Ki-67 were compared, the percentages were higher for PCNA in all types of ameloblastomas and ameloblastic carcinomas. In all cases, the percentages were greater than 80%, whereas the immunopositivity for Ki-67 was significantly lower; for example, the ameloblastic carcinoma expressed the highest positivity and only reached 48.7%, compared to 93.3% when we used PCNA. Conclusions: In the present study, when we used the proliferation cell marker Ki-67, the percentages of positiv ity were more specific and varied among the different types of ameloblastomas, suggesting that Ki-67 is a more specific marker for the proliferation of ameloblastic tumor cell

Correlation between TDR and FDR Soil Moisture Measurements at Different Scales to Establish Water Availability at the South of the Yucatan Peninsula

The advantages that offer new techniques such as remote sensing to estimate soil moisture require local accurate measurements of this variable since these values are key to validate the estimated ones. The chapter analyses the performance to measure soil moisture using different sensors that correspond to different scales at the field. Sensors used were based on reflectometry, time and frequency, which were calibrated with gravimetric measurements. Additionally to have accurate soil moisture values, the idea is to have an operational system in a very complex ecosystem in order to see its influence to maintain the aguadas (small natural lagoons) at the south of the Yucatan Peninsula. These aguadas represent an important source of water in the region because the area presents shortage associated not only with the climate variation but also with high influence due to the type of soils (karst). Results demonstrated that the sensors tested were accurate particularly in the rainy season with some differences in the dry period, and also, the sensitivity of each device was determinant. Results will cover different areas from point to small regions (<4 km), since soil moisture data obtained could be extrapolated to different scales based on the climate, vegetation and type of soil, to compute the real water availability for the communities in the zone

Primordial odontogenic tumor : a systematic review

The primordial odontogenic tumor (POT) is a recently described benign entity with histopathological and immunohistochemical features suggesting its origin during early odontogenesis. Aim: To integrate the available data published on POT into a comprehensive analysis to better define its clinicopathological and molecular features. An electronic systematic review was performed up to September 2019 in multiple databases. A total of 13 publications were included, representing 16 reported cases and 3 molecular studies. The mean age of the affected patients was 11.6 years (range 2-19), with a slight predominance in males (56.25%). The posterior mandible was the main location (87.5%), with only two cases affecting the posterior maxilla. All cases appeared as a radiolucent lesion in close relationship to an unerupted tooth. Recurrences have not been reported to date. Microscopically, POT comprises fibromyxoid tissue with variable cellularity surrounded by a cuboidal to columnar odontogenic epithelium but without unequivocal dental hard tissue formation. A delicate fibrous capsule surrounds (at least partially) the tumor. The epithelial component shows immunohistochemical positivity for amelogenin, CK19, and CK14, and variable expression of Glut-1, Galectin-3 and Caveolin-1, Vimentin, p-53, PITX2, Bcl-2, Bax and Survivin; the mesenchymal tissue is positive for Vimentin, CD90, p-53, PITX2, Bcl-2, Bax, and Survivin, and the subepithelial region exhibits the strong expression of Syndecan-1 and CD34. The Ki-67 index is low (<5%). The negative or weak expression of dentinogenesis-associated genes could explain the inhibition of dentin and subsequent enamel formation in this neoplasm. POT is an entity with a well-defined clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular profile that must be properly diagnosed and differentiated from other odontogenic lesions and treated consequently

Loss of wetlands and timberline due to urban sprawl in the basin of the Grijalva River, Mexico

La periurbanización se ha considerado como motor del cambio de uso del suelo y de la pérdida de ecosistemas y de biodiversidad. A partir de esta premisa, la investigación plantea el seguimiento, desde una doble perspectiva, histórica y predictiva, de los cambios en la superficie de los humedales y en la deforestación progresiva entorno a Villahermosa, la urbe más importante de la cuenca del río Grijalva, en el Estado de Tabasco (México). Se han utilizado diferentes métodos: el análisis bibliográfico para el periodo desde la fundación de la ciudad hasta el último tercio del siglo XX, la verificación de fotografías aéreas entre 1984 y 2008 y la modelización de escenarios futuros, entre 2020 y 2040. Desde el periodo colonial hasta mediados del siglo veinte, las inundaciones y la insalubridad dificultaron el crecimiento de la ciudad pese a la transformación de la red hídrica superficial en la cuenca, iniciada mediante la construcción de diques en el siglo XVII. Posteriormente, las elevadas tasas de pérdida de humedales y deforestación (-0.50 y -4.63 %) se incrementaron por la urbanización y el impacto de los programas de producción agropecuaria y petrolización. En los últimos 40 años, el desarrollo periurbano ocasionó la pérdida de 4.008 ha de vegetación arbórea y 289 ha de humedales, con una tendencia a desaparecer 1.449 y 356 ha adicionales respectivamente en el futuro 2040. Estos resultados resaltan la necesidad de rediseñar un programa metropolitano, transdisciplinario y sustentable que respete y actualice las reservas territoriales para regular la periurbanización.Peri-urbanization has been considered to be the driving force of change in land use and the loss of ecosystems and their biodiversity. In view of this premise, the research provides for the follow up, from a double perspective, historical and predictive, on changes in the area of the wetlands and progressive deforestation in Villahermosa, the most important city in the Grijalva River basin, in the State of Tabasco (Mexico). Different methods have been used: the bibliographic analysis for the period since the founding of the city until the last third of the twentieth century, the verification of aerial photographs between 1984 and 2008, and the modelling of future scenarios between 2020 and 2040. Since the Colonial period until the mid-nineteenth century, floods and unhealthy conditions limited the growth of the city despite the transformation of the surface water drainage to basin scale, which was started through the construction of levees in the seventeenth century. Subsequently, high rates of wetland loss and deforestation (-0.50 and -4.63%) increased due to the urbanization and the impact of agricultural production and petroleum programs. In the last 40 years, the fringe development has resulted in the loss of 4,008 ha of timberline vegetation and 289 ha of wetlands, with perhaps an additional 1,449 and 356 ha disappearing by 2040. These results highlight the need to redesign a metropolitan, transdisciplinary and sustainable program that respect and update the land reserves to regulate the urban sprawl

Generator of stochastic bivariate variable applied to stochastic Bayesian DEA

La aplicación de modelos DEA estocásticos utilizando Estadística Bayesiana es una técnica que está surgiendo en los últimos años, para ser usada se debe hacer simulación de distribuciones de probabilidad multivariadas. En este artículo se presenta un generador bivariado para variable continua. Adicionalmente se ha creado una discretización de este para lograr simulaciones de distribuciones a posteriori de una manera fácil de aplicar. Se presentará la aplicación del generador a dos funciones de densidad de probabilidad bivariadas, una de ellas normal, con sus respectivas pruebas de bondad de ajuste. Se usaron datos del sector educativo en base de datos del DANE (Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística) Colombia para resolver el problema de un modelo DEA estocástico Bayesiano. Los resultados muestran la utilidad, potencia y facilidad del uso del generador propuesto en este tipo de problema.The application of stochastic DEA models using Bayesian Statistics is a technique that has been emerging in recent years, to be used it, simulation of multivariate probability distributions is necessary. A bivariate generator for continuous variable will be presented. Additionally, a discretization has been created on it to achieve simulations of a posteriori distributions with easy way to apply it. Application of the generator to two functions of bivariate probability density will be presented, one of them normal, with their respective tests of goodness of fit. Data from the education sector was used in the database of the DANE (National Administrative Department of Statistics) Colombia to solve the problem of a Bayesian stochastic DEA model. The results show the utility, power and easy implementation of the generator proposed in this type of problem

Solid plexiform multicystic ameloblastoma in left mandibular body. Case report

En el 2017 la Organización Mundial de la Salud describió al ameloblastoma como una neoplasia benigna, localmente invasiva, consistente en una proliferación de epitelio odontogénico, que usualmente presenta un patrón folicular o plexiforme, y se encuentra dentro de un estroma fibroso. Cursa con un lento crecimiento y gran afinidad por el tejido óseo, presenta un alto índice de recurrencia, aproximadamente de 60 a 80%, si no es removido de la manera adecuada. Algunas variantes como la uniquística y la desmoplásica cuentan con un mejor pronóstico que la sólida o multiquística. Representan el 1% de todos los tumores de la mandíbula y el 11 % de todos los tumores odontogénicos. Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente masculino de 43 años de edad que acude a nuestro servicio en el 2016 por presentar aumento de volumen con un año de evolución, asintomático, y con principios de movilidad dental en la zona mandibular izquierda. A la exploración intraoral se aprecia aumento de volumen en región mandibular con un incremento de expansión de las corticales, lo cual es involucrado desde la pieza dentaria 36 a la 41, no presenta sintomatología dolorosa a la palpación ni a la percusión.In 2017, World Health Organization described the ameloblastoma like a benign, locally invasive neoplasm , that consists in proliferation of odontogenic epithelium, which usually presents a folicular or plexiform pattern, and it is found inside a fibrous stroma. It presents slow development and affinity with woven osseus tissue, with high recurrence (60% -80%) if it is not well resected. Variants like uniquistic and desmoplastic have better prognostic than solid o multicyst. It represents the 1% of tumors of the jaw and the 11% of odontogenic tumors. The following case is a male patient, 43 years old which goes to our service in 2016 by increasing volume of a year of evolution, asymptomatic, and with principles of tooth mobility in left side of the jaw. Intraoral examination shows increase in volume in mandibular region with increased cortical expansion which involves teeth 36 to 41, asymptomatic to palpation or percussion of teeth involved

ANÁLISIS DE LA TRANSICIÓN DEMOGRÁFICA EN TABASCO

El objetivo del artículo es investigar y realizar un análisis cuantitativo de la transición demográfica en el estado de Tabasco en México. El modelo a emplear establece una correlación existente entre el crecimiento poblacional como variable dependiente, y las Tasas Global de Fecundidad, y Bruta de Mortalidad como variables independientes. A partir de identificar el comportamiento de las variables, es posible mediante el Método de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios (MCO) estimar la tasa de crecimiento poblacional en Tabasco para el periodo 2010-2025. El resultado señala que la transición demográfica en Tabasco comprende el descenso de la tasa de fecundidad y la mortalidad presenta una tendencia creciente. Se concluye que la dinámica poblacional se comporta de acuerdo con el planteamiento de Notenstein: en la fase 4 denominada, Régimen Demográfico Moderno