Sida en adultos de 50 años y más: características, tendencia y difusión espacial del riesgo

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the sociodemographic characteristics, epidemic trend and spatial distribution of the risk of AIDS in adults 50 years of age and over. METHOD: population-based, ecological study, that used secondary data from the Notifiable Disease Information System (Sinan/AIDS) of Paraíba state from the period January 2000 to December 2010. RESULTS: during the study period, 307 cases of AIDS were reported among people 50 years of age or over. There was a predominance of males (205/66, 8%), mixed race, and low education levels. The municipalities with populations above 100 thousand inhabitants reported 58.5% of the cases. There was a progressive increase in cases among women; an increasing trend in the incidence (positive linear correlation); and an advance in the geographical spread of the disease, with expansion to the coastal region and to the interior of the state, reaching municipalities with populations below 30 thousand inhabitants. In some locations the risk of disease was 100 times greater than the relative risk for the state. CONCLUSION: aging, with the feminization and interiorization of the epidemic in adults 50 years of age and over, confirms the need for the induction of affirmative policies targeted toward this age group.OBJETIVO: analizar las características sociodemográficas, tendencia epidémica y difusión espacial del riesgo del sida en ancianos de 50 años y más. MÉTODO: estudio ecológico, de base poblacional, que utilizó datos secundarios del Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación (Sinan/Aids) del Estado de Paraíba entre enero del 2000 y diciembre del 2010. RESULTADOS: fueron notificados, durante el período estudiado, 307 casos de sida entre individuos de 50 años o más. Se observó el predominio del sexo masculino (205/66,8%), color pardo y bajo nivel de escolaridad. Los municipios con población superior a 100 mil habitantes notificaron el 58,5 % de los casos. Se verificó aumento progresivo de casos entre las mujeres; tendencia de crecimiento de la incidencia (correlación linear positiva); avance en la difusión geográfica de la enfermedad, expansión hacia la región costera y hacia el interior del estado, alcanzando municipios con población inferior a 30 mil habitantes. En algunas localidades, el riesgo de adolecer fue 100 veces superior al riesgo relativo del estado. CONCLUSIÓN: el envejecimiento, con feminización e interiorización de la epidemia en adultos de 50 años y más, confirman la necesidad de inducir políticas afirmativas dirigidas a este grupo de edad.OBJETIVO: analisar as características sociodemográficas, tendência epidêmica e difusão espacial do risco da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida em adultos com 50 anos e mais. MÉTODO: estudo ecológico, de base populacional, que utilizou dados secundários do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Estado da Paraíba referente ao período de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2010. RESULTADOS: foram notificados, no período estudado, 307 casos de síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida entre indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 50 anos. Observou-se predomínio do sexo masculino (205; 66,8%), cor parda e baixo nível de escolaridade. Os municípios com população acima de 100 mil habitantes notificaram 58,5% dos casos. Constatou-se aumento progressivo de casos entre as mulheres; tendência de crescimento da incidência (correlação linear positiva), avanço na difusão geográfica da doença, expansão para a região litorânea e para o interior do Estado, atingindo municípios com população inferior a 30 mil habitantes. Em algumas localidades, o risco de adoecimento foi 100 vezes maior que o risco relativo do Estado. CONCLUSÃO: o envelhecimento, com feminização e interiorização da epidemia em adultos com 50 anos e mais, confirmam a necessidade de indução de políticas afirmativas direcionadas a esse grupo etário

ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DE MÉTODOS DE AGLOMERAÇÃO ESPACIAL PARA ESTUDOS EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS

This study aims to perform a comparative analysis between methods of detection of spatial clusters, namely: Statistics Space Scan, Besag and Newell, Getis-Ord, Statistics M and Statistics Tango.Methodology: Thisis an epidemiological, retrospective study of a quantitative approach, whose data used for analysis refer to the number of confirmed annual cases of dengue reported in the state of Paraíba and corresponding to the year 2015. Results: There were recorded in the entire state of Paraíba, 14.053 confirmed cases of dengue in 2015. Although different from each other, some methods have managed to produce better results when compared to the Spatial Incidences Ratio map. Discussion: From the epidemiological point of view, it was noticed that the Space Scan Statistics was the most effective in finding all clusters of high Ratio Spatial Incidences values. The method also detected clusters of low value, that is, that has some protection as the vector of the disease. Conclusion: The methods used in this study showed a variability in the results when compared, demonstrated the importance of applying and evaluating the most appropriatemethod forthe object of study.Este estudo temcomo objetivo realizar uma análise comparativa entremétodos de detecção de aglomerados espaciais, a saber:Estatística Scan Espacial, Besag e Newell, Getis-Ord, Estatística M e Estatística Tango. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, retrospectivo de abordagem quantitativa, cujos dados utilizados para análise são referentes ao número de casos confirmados anuais de dengue notificados no estado da Paraíba, Brasil, e que correspondem ao ano de 2015. Resultados: Foram registrados em todo o estado da Paraíba, 14.053 casos confirmados de dengue no ano de 2015. Embora diferentes entre si, alguns métodos conseguiram apresentar resultados melhores quando comparado ao mapa de Razão de Incidências Espacial. Discussão: Do ponto de vista epidemiológico, percebeu-se que a Estatística Scan Espacial foi a mais eficaz em encontrar todos os aglomerados de valores de alta Razão de Incidências Espacial. O método também detectou aglomerados de baixo valor, ou seja, que possui certa proteção quanto ao vetor da doença. Conclusão: Os métodos utilizados neste estudo apresentaram uma variabilidade nos resultados quando comparados, demonstrado a importância de aplicar e avaliar o método mais adequado para o objeto de estudo

ANESTESIA OBSTÉTRICA: GERENCIAMENTO DE RISCOS, MANEJO DA DOR E MELHORES PRÁTICAS

Introduction: In general, the main function of obstetric anesthesia is pain relief, in addition to mitigating the risks of possible interference that may occur during labor. In this way, in conjunction with other clinical practices, there is greater safety offered to the patient, since care strategies and risk monitoring plans are increasingly improved and efficient. The efficiency noted is due to technological advances in the pharmacological area and in the field of health in general. Objective: Understand the benefits and efficiency of obstetric anesthesia. Methodology: A systematic literature review was carried out covering the years from January 2003 to December 2023. The study was based and guided by the question mentioned throughout the article. Results: Anesthetic practice has gone through several stages of evolution and has undergone significant changes involving the substances used and the anesthetic process itself. This guarantees a more adequate, controlled and safe maternal experience. One of the advances noted was the use of regional anesthesia, such as epidural analgesia. Conclusion: Advances have a direct influence on mitigating the number of adverse events during the labor period, since births currently occur safely and more quickly due to this set of modern advances.Introdução: De maneira geral, a principal função da anestesia obstétrica é alívio da dor, além de amenizar os riscos de possíveis interferências que podem acontecer durante o trabalho de parto. Desse modo, em conjunto com outras práticas clínicas, observa-se uma maior segurança ofertada ao paciente, uma vez que as estratégias de cuidado e os planos de monitoramento de riscos estão cada vez mais aprimoradas e eficientes. A eficiência notada é por conta dos avanços tecnológicos na área farmacológica e no âmbito de saúde em geral. Objetivo: Compreender os benefícios e a eficiência da anestesia obstétrica. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de literatura abrangendo os anos de janeiro de 2003 a dezembro de 2023. O estudo teve como base e norteamento a pergunta citada no decorrer do artigo. Resultados: A prática anestésica passou por várias etapas de evolução e passou por mudanças significativas envolvendo as substâncias utilizadas e o processo anestésico em si. Garantindo dessa forma, uma experiência materna mais adequada, controlada e segura. Um dos avanços notados foi a utilização de anestesias regionais, tais como as analgesias epidurais. Conclusão: Os avanços possuem influência direta com a mitigação do número de eventos adversos no período de trabalho de parto, uma vez que atualmente os partos acontecem de forma segura e mais rápida por conta desse conjunto de avanços modernos. Palavras-chave: Trabalho de Parto, Anestesia, Avanços Tecnológicos, Eficiência

AIDS in adults 50 years of age and over: characteristics, trends and spatial distribution of the risk

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the sociodemographic characteristics, epidemic trend and spatial distribution of the risk of AIDS in adults 50 years of age and over.METHOD: population-based, ecological study, that used secondary data from the Notifiable Disease Information System (Sinan/AIDS) of Paraíba state from the period January 2000 to December 2010.RESULTS: during the study period, 307 cases of AIDS were reported among people 50 years of age or over. There was a predominance of males (205/66, 8%), mixed race, and low education levels. The municipalities with populations above 100 thousand inhabitants reported 58.5% of the cases. There was a progressive increase in cases among women; an increasing trend in the incidence (positive linear correlation); and an advance in the geographical spread of the disease, with expansion to the coastal region and to the interior of the state, reaching municipalities with populations below 30 thousand inhabitants. In some locations the risk of disease was 100 times greater than the relative risk for the state.CONCLUSION: aging, with the feminization and interiorization of the epidemic in adults 50 years of age and over, confirms the need for the induction of affirmative policies targeted toward this age group

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora