Detekcija nekoliko faktora virulencije, rezistencije na antibiotike i filogenetskih odnosa izolata E. coli poreklom od krava sa mastitisom

Cow mastitis caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) exhibits various local and systemic clinical signs at varying degrees of severity. The aim this study was to elucidate the virulence properties, antibiotic resistance and phylogenetics of 56 E. coli strains. Of all the studied strains, 12 were positive for hemolytic properties and 38 were positive for biofilm production. Additionally, 55 of the strains were positive for multiple resistances in bacteriological tests. PCR analysis revealed that 42 strains carried the traT gene, 20 strains had the shiga toxin gene (stx1-stx2), and 8 strains carried the intimin gene (eae), but all strains were negative for aerobactin gene (aer). All strains encoding shiga toxin genes were also positive for stx1, but only 4 strains were positive for stx2. There were no significant differences in virulence genes between antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-susceptible strains. The random amplifi ed polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction patterns revealed the existence of 13 main groups with 4 subgroups of E. coli. In this study, E. coli strains causing intramammary infections and originating from various sources might show resistance against common antibiotics. Pathogenity of E. coli that cause clinical mastitis, and prognosis of the infection might be predicted by obtaining the traTMastitis kod krava, izazvan bakterijom Escherichia coli (E. coli) ima različite lokalne i sistemske kliničke simptome čiji stepen izraženosti značajno varira. Cilj ispitivanja je bio da se ustanove virulentni faktori, rezistencija na antibiotike kao i fi logeneza 56 sojeva E. coli. Od svih ispitivanih sojeva, 12 je bilo pozitivno na hemolitičku aktivnost a 38 je proizvodilo biofi lm. Pored ovoga, 55 sojeva je bilo pozitivno na multiplu rezistenciju u bakteriološkim testovima. PCR analiza je pokazala da je 42 soja posedovalo traT gen, 20 sojeva je posedovalo shiga toksin gen (stx1-stx2), a 8 sojeva je posedovalo intimin gen (eae), ali su svi ispitivani sojevi bili negativni na aerobaktin gen (aer). Svi sojevi koji su posedovali shiga toksin gene bili su pozitivni i na stx1, ali je samo 4 soja bilo pozitivno na stx2 gen. Nije bilo značajnih razlika u genima virulencije između antibiotik-rezistentnih i antibiotik-osetljivih sojeva. Polimorfna DNK-PCR je pokazala da postoji 13 osnovnih grupa sa 4 podbrupe E. coli. U ovoj studiji, E. coli sojevi Cengiz et al. 425 koji su izazivali intramamarne infekcije i koji su poticali iz različitih izvora pokazali su razistenciju na uobičajene antibiotike. Patogenost E. coli koja izaziva klinčke forme mastitisa kao i prognoza infekcije može da se predvidi na osnovu podataka o prisustvu traT gena. Pored ovoga, rezistencija na antibiotike treba da se ispita na genetskoj osnovi u cilju detekcije povezanosti između faktora virulencije i rezistencije na antibiotike. U terenskim uslovima, razvoj rezistencije na antibiotike je osnovni uzrok neuspešne terapije mastitisa. Može da se zaključi da je u stadu neophodno obavljati monitoring profi la rezistencije na antibiotike uz primenu efi kasnih antibiotika

Effects of Small-Sided Games Training versus High-Intensity Interval Training Approaches in Young Basketball Players

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the 6-week small-sided games training (SSGs) vs. high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the psychophysiological and performance responses, and technical skills of young basketball players. Thirty-two male players (age: 14.5 ± 0.5 years of age) were randomly divided into SSGs group (n = 16) and HIIT group (n = 16) training methods thrice per week for 6 weeks. The players in the SSGs group performed two 5–8 min of 2 vs. 2 with 2 min rest periods, while the players in HIIT performed 12–18 min of runs at intensities (90 to 95%) related to the velocity obtained in the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (IFT). Pre-testing and post-testing sessions involved assessments of Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1, 30-15 intermittent fitness test, 5 and 30 m sprint times, vertical jump height, repeated sprint ability, defensive and offensive agility, and technical skills. The SSGs group demonstrated significantly higher agility-based technical responses in terms of the control dribbling and shooting skills (d = 1.71 vs. 0.20, d = 1.41 vs. 0.35, respectively) compared with the HIIT group. Conversely, the HIIT induced greater improvements in 30 m sprint times (d = 3.15 vs. 0.68). These findings provided that SSGs in youth basketball players may allow similar positive physical adaptations to HIIT, with an extra advantage of improving technical skills while improving enjoyability. © 2022, MDPI. All rights reserved.UIDB/50008/2020Funding: This work is funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior through national funds and when applicable co-funded EU funds under the project UIDB/50008/2020

Probiotics Improve Chemerin Levels and Metabolic Syndrome Parameters in Obese Rats

Chemerin is a recently discovered adipokine that plays a role in adipocyte metabolism. It is a novel chemoattractant adipokine whose expression and secretion are increased by adipogenesis

Detection of Several Virulence Properties, Antibiotic Resistance and Phylogenetic Relationship in E. Coli Isolates Originated from Cow Mastitis

Cow mastitis caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) exhibits various local and systemic clinical signs at varying degrees of severity. The aim this study was to elucidate the virulence properties, antibiotic resistance and phylogenetics of 56 E. coli strains. Of all the studied strains, 12 were positive for hemolytic properties and 38 were positive for biofilm production. Additionally, 55 of the strains were positive for multiple resistances in bacteriological tests. PCR analysis revealed that 42 strains carried the traT gene, 20 strains had the shiga toxin gene (stx1-stx2), and 8 strains carried the intimin gene (eae), but all strains were negative for aerobactin gene (aer). All strains encoding shiga toxin genes were also positive for stx1, but only 4 strains were positive for stx2. There were no significant differences in virulence genes between antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-susceptible strains. The random amplifi ed polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction patterns revealed the existence of 13 main groups with 4 subgroups of E. coli. In this study, E. coli strains causing intramammary infections and originating from various sources might show resistance against common antibiotics. Pathogenity of E. coli that cause clinical mastitis, and prognosis of the infection might be predicted by obtaining the traTMastitis kod krava, izazvan bakterijom Escherichia coli (E. coli) ima različite lokalne i sistemske kliničke simptome čiji stepen izraženosti značajno varira. Cilj ispitivanja je bio da se ustanove virulentni faktori, rezistencija na antibiotike kao i fi logeneza 56 sojeva E. coli. Od svih ispitivanih sojeva, 12 je bilo pozitivno na hemolitičku aktivnost a 38 je proizvodilo biofi lm. Pored ovoga, 55 sojeva je bilo pozitivno na multiplu rezistenciju u bakteriološkim testovima. PCR analiza je pokazala da je 42 soja posedovalo traT gen, 20 sojeva je posedovalo shiga toksin gen (stx1-stx2), a 8 sojeva je posedovalo intimin gen (eae), ali su svi ispitivani sojevi bili negativni na aerobaktin gen (aer). Svi sojevi koji su posedovali shiga toksin gene bili su pozitivni i na stx1, ali je samo 4 soja bilo pozitivno na stx2 gen. Nije bilo značajnih razlika u genima virulencije između antibiotik-rezistentnih i antibiotik-osetljivih sojeva. Polimorfna DNK-PCR je pokazala da postoji 13 osnovnih grupa sa 4 podbrupe E. coli. U ovoj studiji, E. coli sojevi Cengiz et al. 425 koji su izazivali intramamarne infekcije i koji su poticali iz različitih izvora pokazali su razistenciju na uobičajene antibiotike. Patogenost E. coli koja izaziva klinčke forme mastitisa kao i prognoza infekcije može da se predvidi na osnovu podataka o prisustvu traT gena. Pored ovoga, rezistencija na antibiotike treba da se ispita na genetskoj osnovi u cilju detekcije povezanosti između faktora virulencije i rezistencije na antibiotike. U terenskim uslovima, razvoj rezistencije na antibiotike je osnovni uzrok neuspešne terapije mastitisa. Može da se zaključi da je u stadu neophodno obavljati monitoring profi la rezistencije na antibiotike uz primenu efi kasnih antibiotika

Köpek, kedi ve insan orijinli enterococcus feacium izolatlarinın biofilm üretimi, genotip ve antibiyotik direnç profillerinin]

The aim of the study was to determine the biofilm production, genotypes, antibiotics resistance patterns and antibiotypes of 82 Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from dog, cat and human. Of examined strains biofilm production detected totally 72 (87.8%) in 35 (97.2%) dog, 22 (78.6%) cat and 15 (83.3%) human isolates. Genotyping of isolates was performed by RAPD-PCR and 16, 3 and 4 different profiles were detected in dog, cat and human isolates, respectively. In total of 98.8% with a maximum resistance to nalidixic acid and 4.9% with the lowest resistance to vancomycin was found. None of vancomycin resistance 4 isolates, vancomycin resistance genes (vanA, vanB, vanC1/C2 or vanD) has been detected. Antibiotyping of isolates was performed with UPGMA and 5 groups of dog, 10 groups of cat and 7 groups of human isolates were determined. The results from this study indicate that healthy dogs and cats are a source of Antibiotic resistant enterococci and may act as a reservoir of resistance that can be transferred from pets to people. Also our results demonstrated that the phenotype and genotype patterns found among enterococci strains from dogs, cats and humans were heterogeneous

Characterization of Enterococcus faecalis isolates originating from different sources for their virulence factors and genes, antibiotic resistance patterns, genotypes and biofilm production

In this study, 72 Enterococcus faecalis isolates originating from humans (n=39), dogs (n=26) and cats (n=7) were investigated for some virulence factors, some virulence genes, antibiotic resistance phenotypes, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) patterns and biofilm production. Of the isolates, 31 (43.1%) were positive for gelatinase, 11(15.3%) for aggregation substance and cytolysine, 38 (52.8%) for gelE and 34 (47.2%) for asal genes. All isolates were found to be negative for hyl, esp and cylA genes. All isolates were found to be resistant to nalidixic acid and kanamycin. On the other hand, all isolates were cited for susceptible to amoxicillin. Vancomycin resistance genes (vanA, vanB, vanC I/C2 or vanD) have not been detected in any of the phenotypically vancomycin resistant isolates. Isolates from humans, dogs and cats were grouped into 8, 2 and 4 antibiotypes depending upon susceptibilities to 12 different antibiotics. In all human, dog and cat isolates, 9, 12 and 2 genotypes were determined by RAPD-PCR, respectively. Nine (34.6%) of the dog isolates were found to be positive for biofilm production. This study showed that multiple antibiotic resistance among human isolates is more frequent than in dog and cat isolates

Molecular characterization of vancomycin- resistant enterococcus faecium isolates from Giresun City

Amaç: Son yıllarda nozokomiyal enfeksiyon etkenleri arasında ilksıralarda yer alan Enterococcus faecium izolatlarının artan çokluantimikrobiyal direnç gelişimi, özellikle virulans faktörleri gibi birçoközelliğinin daha ayrıntılı incelenmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur.Çalışmada, vankomisine dirençli E. faecium (VREfm) izolatlarınınvirulans faktörlerinin, direnç genlerinin ve genotipik benzerliklerininincelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Giresun Devlet Hastanesi MikrobiyolojiLaboratuvarı’nda çeşitli klinik örneklerden izole edilmiş olan ve fenotipik olarak vankomisine dirençli bulunan 37 adet Enterococcus faecium izolatı incelenmiştir. İzolatların tanımlaması ve in vitro antimikrobiyal duyarlılık testleri Vitek-2 otomatize sistemi (BioMérieux, ABD)ile yapılmıştır. Vankomisine ve teikoplanine direnç durumları sıvı mikrodilüsyon yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Vankomisin direnç genleri vanA,vanB ve virulans genleri esp, gelE, hyl, cylA ve asa1 genleri PCR ilearaştırılmıştır. Biyofilm üretimi fenotipik olarak Kongo Red Agar(CRA) yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Klonal ilişkinin belirlenmesi içinRAPD-PCR yöntemi kullanılmıştır.Bulgular: İzolatların tümü vankomisin ve teikoplaninin yanı sıra tetrasiklin, norfloksasin, eritromisin, siprofloksasin, ampisiline dirençli,linezolide duyarlı bulunmuştur. Biyofilm üretimi tüm izolatlarda gözlenmiştir. İzolatların tümünün vanA geni ve vankomisin-teikoplanindirenci ile karakterize vanA fenotipine sahip olduğu görülmüştür. esp,gelE ve hyl genleri sırasıyla %62.2, %2.7 ve %27 oranlarında bulunmuştur, vanB, asa1 ve cylA genleri ise hiçbir izolatta saptanmamıştır.RAPD-PCR ile genotipleme analizinde izolatların 3 ana RAPD grububelirlenmiştir. esp geni taşıyan 23 izolatın tamamı dominant olanRAPD grubunda yer almaktadır. Genotipik olarak izolatların yakınlıkderecesi değerlendirildiğinde yakın gruplar arasında homojenite gözlenmiştir.Sonuç: VREfm’nin spesifik klonları ve virulans genleri arasında birilişki bulunamamıştır, ancak izolatlarda esp oranının yüksek oluşu bugenin bakterinin patojenitesi üzerinde etkili olduğunu düşündürmektedir.Objective: Recently, isolates of Enterococcus faecium have been theleading cause of nosocomial infections worldwide and have at thesame time increased multimicrobial resistance which necessitatedinvestigation of many characteristics especially virulence factors indetail for infection control and prevention. The aim of this study wasto investigate the virulence factors, resistance genes and genotypicsimilarities in vancomycin resistant E. faecium (VREfm) isolates.Material and Methods: The study included 37 Enterococcus faeciumisolates obtained from various clinical specimens in microbiologylaboratory of Giresun State Hospital. The identification and in vitroantimicrobial susceptibility tests of the isolates were performed usingVitek 2 automated system (BioMérieux, US). The susceptibility tovancomycin and teicoplanin were investigated using broth microdilutionmethod. The presence of vancomycin resistance genes vanA, vanB andvirulence genes esp, gelE, hyl, cylA and asa1 were determined by PCR.Biofilm formation was also tested phenotypicaly by Congo Red Agarmethod. RAPD-PCR was performed to determine the clonal relationshipamong the isolates.Results: All of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin, teicoplanin,tetracycline, norfloxacin, eritromycin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin andsusceptible to linezolid. The production of biofilm was observed in allisolates. All of the isolates had the vanA gene and the vanA phenotypecharacterised by resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin. esp, gelEand hyl genes were detected in 62.2%, 2.2% and 27% of all theisolates, respectively. vanB, asa1 and cylA genes were not detected inany of the isolates. Genotyping analysis of the isolates by RAPD-PCRidentified three main RAPD groups. All of 23 isolates that carried theesp gene also belonged to the dominant RAPD group. When genotypicalrelationships of all the isolates was evaluated, homogeneity wasobserved between nearly similar groups.Conclusions: No relationship was found between specific clones andvirulence genes of VREfm; yet high positivity of the isolates for espgene suggests the impact of this gene on bacterial pathogenicity