A TWO COMPONENT MEDICAL IMAGE COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES FOR DICOM IMAGES

To meet the demand for high speed transmission of image, efficient image storage, remote treatment an efficient image compression technique is essential. Wavelet theory has great potential in medical image compression. Most of the commercial medical image viewers do not provide scalability in image compression. This paper discusses a medical application that contains a viewer for digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) images as a core module. Progressive transmission of medical images through internet has emerged as a promising protocol for teleradiology applications. The major issue that arises in teleradiology is the difficulty of transmitting large volume of medical data with relatively low bandwidth. Recent image compression techniques have increased the viability by reducing the bandwidth requirement and cost-effective delivery of medical images for primary diagnosis. This paper presents an effective algorithm to compress and reconstruct Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images. DICOM is a standard for handling, storing, printing and transmitting information in medical imaging. These medical images are volumetric consisting of a series of sequences of slices through a given part of the body. DICOM image is first decomposed by Haar Wavelet Decomposition Method. The wavelet coefficients are encoded using Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) algorithm. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is performed on the images and the coefficients are JPEG coded. The quality of the compressed image by different method are compared and the method exhibiting highest Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) is retained for the image. The performance of the compression of medical images using the above said technique is studied with the two component medical image compression techniques

An Explorative Study on Learnable Happiness to Amplify Playing Skills through Sangam Game Oraiyaduthal

To live in harmony with nature, ancient men faced many challenges and increased their energy. There are many types of ancient games. Ancient games depend on traditional social networking sites. Sports have been important since the time when mankind started climbing the development ladder. The purpose of the study is to explorate the learnable happiness to amplify playing skills through sangam game oraiyaduthal. 100 female athletes from Avinashilingam University who participated at least in district level competitions in different sports were subjected to sampling. These Samples were used to find out the improvement in learning happiness and playing skills. The data obtained were analyzed using synthesis in social science. One-way analysis of variants and T- tests were used to detect significant mean difference value. Using this the relationship of the classified samples were known. Overall, the present study has two important conclusions. First it is known that the oraiyaduthal game has produced high levels of subjective happiness and secondly, by using the Game Image Skill Questionnaire test, it was found that strategy, targeting, perception, emotion, sportsmanship and handling tough situations among team and individual athletes have been enhanced. In this, team athletes showed more improvement than individual athletes

Study of risk of malignancy index in the Preoperative evaluation of patients with ovarian tumor

INTRODUCTION: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal tumor of all gynaecological malignancies. It is the fifth most common tumor of women. The case fatality rate is high with ovarian tumor than any other gynaecological malignancies. Ovarian cancer is often asymptomatic and often present in late stages in which the 5 year survival rate is poor. Hence early diagnosis and appropriate treatment is essential for the better outcome of the patients. Despite the great advancement in medicine, the prognosis has not changed over periods. This is because of delay in the diagnosis of malignancy. The 5 year survival rate for stage 1 is 86% and with stage 2 is 19% according to FIGO 2006.The most common clinical symptoms are vague and non specific . Majority of women presents with pelvic masses. Since ovarian cancer is the deadliest tumor, screening and providing appropriate therapy at the earliest possible is of importance. AIM OF THE STUDY: 1. To evaluate the risk of malignancy index based on CA125, menopausal status and ultrasound score in women with ovarian mass. 2. To arrive at an optimal cut off point of RMI score. 3. To evaluate the performance of individual parameters and RMI in differentiating benign and malignant ovarian tumors. 4. To validate the efficiency of risk of malignancy index in discriminating benign and malignant ovarian tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study was performed in the Institute of Obstetrics and gynaecology, Madras Medical College, Egmore, Chennai. The study was conducted during the period 2010 to 2012. Study population : The study consisted of 200 patients who were admitted in our institute with adnexal masses. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients above the age of 30 years admitted in our hospital both in premenopausal and postmenopausal age group with a diagnosis of an ovarian mass were included in the study. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Ovarian mass in the pregnant women were excluded because CA 125 levels will be elevated in pregnancy and hence may give a false positive result For the same reason, patient with endometriosis was also excluded from the study. Patients with previously diagnosed disease commonly associated with elevated CA 125 levels were excluded. Patients on peritoneal dialysis which by constant peritoneal irritation cause an elevated CA 125 levels and are therefore exclude from the study. This study was performed after Institutional ethical committee approval. The objective of the study was explained in detail and written consent was obtained from the patients included in the study. RESULTS: The study included 200 patients with ovarian mass, out of which 155 patients are benign comprising 77.5% and 45 patients are malignant comprising 22.5%. CONCLUSION: Risk of malignancy index is a reliable method for differentiating benign and malignant ovarian mass preoperatively. Risk of malignancy index is a multimodal approach that is simple and easily applicable in preoperative evaluation of patients with ovarian tumor. Risk of malignancy index is a better diagnostic scoring index in discriminating benign and malignant tumor when compared to individual test of ultrasonogram or CA 125 level. The optimal cut off point that best distinguishes benign from malignant ovarian mass for RMI is 200 in the present study. RMI is the most useful diagnostic index in proper selection of patients who may require referral to tertiary care centres. Since the specificity of Risk of malignancy index is high, there is a potential role for this index in selection of cases for conservative management or minimal invasive surgery of benign cases like ultrasound guided aspiration or laparoscopic excision of the cysts

Adaptability of Crop Insurance Schemes in Tamil Nadu

The experiences gained in the execution of various crop insurance products in India have been described along with the ways to redesign the strategies for effective implementation of such crop insurance products. The study is based on the data collected from 90 farmers covered under National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) in three selected districts in Tamil Nadu, viz. Nagappattinam, Vellore and Madurai and 30 farmers covered under Varsha Bima, a weather-based insurance product in the Nagapattinam district. The major problems in the implementation of NAIS, as indicated by respondents, are: poor awareness about the scheme, delay in settlement of claims, complex procedure, high premium rate and wide variation between yields of actual and crop-cutting experiment farms. In the case of Varsha Bima scheme implemented in the Nagapattinam district, the major problems faced by the farmers are: non – availability of the benefit since the implementation of the scheme, poor awareness about the details of weather insurance schemes, high premium rate and wide variation in rainfall between the farm and the Reference Weather Station. The study has offered several suggestions, based on farmers’ perceptions, to refine the existing crop insurance schemes in India