Principles of Virtue in Siddha Literature

Siddhars brought many goods to the society and they have subtle intelligence. Siddhars what is good and what is not good for the welfare of the world. They have good thoughts. Siddhars paved the way for the people to win humanity through their songs. The foremost principles of Siddhars are the abolition of caste and opposition to superstitions. Siddhars controlled their wandering mind by their faith in God. Siddhar songs are written with the intention of reforming the society. This article is about the virtues that have been discussed in Siddha literary songs

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Trade in the Development of Social Hierarchies in the Dual Epics

Sangam Songs and epics illustrate how the ancient Tamils ​​traded well within and outside the country. In the post-Sangam period, during the period of the Epics, there were bartering methods in the domestic trade. Business flourished in the development of cities. Silappathikaram confirms that every commodity was traded on every street in the cities. From the sale of their products by the common people to the sea trade, evidence could be found. Business activities could also be noticed in Manimegalai following Silappathikaram. Small-scale business practices could be found in the cities. Similarly, professional businesses were also appreciated. People going abroad and doing business using the vessels known as Bengal could correspondingly be observed. The verses of Manimegalai are a demonstration of the fact that they exported and imported expensive goods

Energetics of pupal-adult metamorphosis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori : An analysis of transdeamination parameters in the fat body and haemolymph

Transdeamination seems to be an important alternative energy-intensive gluconeogenesis mechanism that generates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources during pupal-adult metamorphosis in Bombyx mori. Studies on four transdeamination parameters, viz., free amino acids (FAA), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), alanine aminotransferase (AlAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in the fat body and haemolymph of silkworm have indicated that transdeamination shows stage-specific, region-specific and sex-specific variations during metamorphosis. Region-specific growth trends indicate that the transamination reaction, mediated by AAT and AlAT is faster in the abdominal fat body (AFB) and relatively slower in the thoracic fat body (TFB) with concomitant lower FAA levels in the former and higher levels in the latter. Stage-specific growth trends reflect that the energy mobilization through transdeamination assumes greater significance in the early pupal, late pupal and adult stages rather than the mid-pupal stage. Sex-wise trends in FAA levels indicate that the rate of amino acid utilization is significantly faster in females compared to that in males. Further, the growth trends in the levels of GDH vis-à-vis aminotransferases signify that the energy demands of male sex expressions are met largely through enhanced levels of GDH and that the alpha ketoglutarate generated in transamination reaction is used as a substrate for sperm production, sperm motility and successful mating that stimulates fecundity and productivity of in the mulberry silkworm. The study clearly demonstrates that gluconeogenesis through transdeamination supplements the energy requirements of silkworm metamorphosis and that it is facilitated by disintegrating tissues predominantly from the pupal abdominal segments

Impact of photoperiod on circadian trehalose and trehalase rhythms in the digestive system of silkworm, Bombyx mori

Circadian trehalose and trehalase rhythms were studied in the digestive system of Bombyx mori under 12 hr light-dark cycle (LD), continuous light (LL) and continuous dark (DD). The rhythmic changes were interpreted as synthetic cycles in gut wall and release cycles in gut lumen. The trehalose rhythm of gut wall comprised 8 trehalose synthetic cycles (TS cycles) under LD and LL and 7 under DD. The 24 hr trehalose rhythm of LD and LL was clock shifted to 27.2 hr under DD. The trehalose rhythm included 4 TR cycles under LD, 5 under LL and DD in the gut lumen and the 24 hr rhythm of LD was clock shifted to 19.2 hr under LL and DD. In the gut wall trehalase rhythm maintained 8 trehalase enzyme synthetic cycles (TES cycles) under LD, 10 LL and 7 under DD and the 24 hr rhythm of LD was clock shifted to 19.2 hr under LL and 27.2 hr under DD. In the gut lumen it included 4 TER cycles under LD and DD, 5 under LL and its 24-hr rhythm was advanced to 19.2 hr. Further analysis of data showed that LD favours trehalose synthesis, while LL and DD favour trehalase synthesis

Comparative development of sorghum, redgram and rice breeding population of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) feeding on cereals and split redgram dhal

Rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) mainly attacks whole grains such as wheat, corn, barley and rice and have been found actively breeding in such foods. The host range of S. oryzae now extended to split pulses. An experiment was carried out at the Entomology Laboratory, TNAU, Coimbatore during 2014-2015 to study the comparative development of sorghum, redgram and rice breeding population of S. oryzae feeding on cereals and split redgram dhal. The assessed parameters were survival percentage, per cent mortality and F1 progeny. The per cent mortality was higher in sorghum breeding population while feeding on redgram (98.33%) and rice (44.67%). In case of redgram breeding population per cent mortality was maximum in rice (21.67%) and sorghum (19.67%). The survival percentage was maximum in sorghum population while feeding on sorghum (95 %). F1 progeny emergence of sorghum breeding population was higher while feeding on sorghum (75.67%) and rice (36.67%). In case redgram breeding population F1 progeny emergence was maximum in redgram (62.33%) and sorghum (15.33%), whereas in rice breeding population maximum progeny emergence was observed in rice (72.33%) and sorghum (65.67%). The cereal bred population did not survive on redgram, whereas redgram bred population able to survive on cereals, but the progeny emergence and their development was affected