Non-Keynesian effects of fiscal contraction in new member states

Many economists are convinced that longer-term benefits from fiscal consolidation are in a trade-off with short-term deceleration in output growth. However, more recent research suggests that curbing fiscal imbalances contributes to faster growth already in the short term. This paper is about such non-Keynesian effects. Section two systematizes theoretical explanations. Section three reviews previous empirical research. Section four uses panel estimation techniques to examine the consequences of fiscal consolidation in New Member States. This analysis provides evidence that in those countries fiscal consolidation contributed substantially to the acceleration of output growth even in the short term. However, the exact channels through which non-Keynesian effects occurred could not be unambiguously identified in the paper. Section five takes the new step of a qualitative analysis of the outcomes of strong fiscal adjustments in the countries under consideration. That analysis shows that their experiences were quite similar to those of developed countries. JEL Classification: E62, E65, C33fiscal consolidation, new Member States, non-Keynesian effects

The Current Utilization of Graphic Data Processing in Industry and Education with Implications for Industrial Arts

A thesis presented to the faculty of the School of Education at Morehead State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Education by Chester Steven Rzonca in May of 1967

Utjecaj komunikacijskih prekida na zadovoljenje funkcionalnih zahtjeva IEC 61131-3 distribuiranih sustava upravljanja

The control software is frequently used in various systems that perform important and responsible tasks in industry. During its development, it is crucial to ensure that the solution is created in a way consistent with assumptions and meets all functional requirements. One of important steps consists of testing particular software units, separated from the rest of system, using the off-line simulator. However, test results can be different in case of a fully-connected system when external factors, such as communication issues, should be also taken into account. In this paper, the authors present a concept of specification and execution of system tests, using the dedicated test definition language, named CPTest+. It has been extended by the additional ASSERT_COM instruction, which performs an assertion that is able to detect problems related to external factors, including communication. To enable automatic and systematic testing, the dedicated metric has been proposed. It takes into account the current link status and archived results to calculate the probability that the test case has failed due to communication problems.Upravljački software je često korišten u sustavima koji obavljaju kritične zadatke u industriji. Tijekom njegovog razvoja, važno je osigurati zadovoljenje svih bitnih pretpostavki i funkcionalnih zahtjeva. Jedan od važnih koraka u razvoju navedenog softwarea je testiranje njegovih pojedinih cjelina korištenjem offline simulatora, neovisno o ostatku sustava. Međutim, rezultati testiranja mogu se bitnije razlikovati u slučaju potpuno povezanog sustava sa svim pripadajućim eksternim faktorima, kao što su komunikacijski problemi, koje je također potrebno uzeti u obzir. U ovom radu autori predstavljaju koncept definiranja i izvršenja testova sustava korištenjem jezika za namjensko definiranje testova, nazvanog CPTest+. On je proširen dodatnom ASSERT_COM naredbom koja obavlja provjeru s mogućnošću detekcije problema uzrokovanih vanjskim faktorima, npr. komunikacijom. Kako bi se omogućilo automatsko i sistematično testiranje predložen je namjenski mjerni sustav. On uzima u obzir trenutni status veze kao i arhivirane rezultate kako bi se odredila vjerojatnost neizvršenja testnog slučaja uslijed komunikacijskih problema

Seasonal variation of lead in fish pond waters of high hunting activity area and relation to metals and ions

Anthropogenic activities such as industry, agriculture, and daily life are related to metal pollution of the environment. Places known of the highest impact are fishponds where intensive fish farming is believed to input a significant amount of various elements to water. Additionally, many studies suspect wetland hunting activity of water lead pollution. The present paper aims to check if hunting is a significant source of lead (Pb) in water as well as to study the temporal trends of numerous parameters (pH, SEC, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg, Na, K, NH4+, HCO(3)(−), SO(4)(2−), Cl(−), NO(3)(−), F(−)) in ponds (n = 48) and inflow (n = 24) waters near Zator in southern Poland, Europe. Most concentrations were measured with ion chromatography and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Lead concentrations in pond waters were low and found not to be linked with hunting activity, as well as they did not differ from the ones found in the inflow water. Moreover, it could be stated that activities led on ponds did not enrich rivers in the studied ions and elements

Role of Polish Medical Air Rescue in national medical rescue system

Great technological progression, as well as the development of motorization in the past decades, has caused an intensification of danger to health and life for contemporary societies. The increasing amount of HEMS (Helicopter Emergency Medical Service) units interventions underline that the significance of the Polish Med­ical Air Rescue service within the structures of National Medical Rescue System is increasing. Polish Medical Air Rescue is the one and only organization in Poland which uses helicopters while performing emergency medical services and conducting the transport of patients. The history of medical aviation, and later the Polish Medical Air Rescue service shows the great work and effort that has been put into the development and functioning of this organization

The effect of local changes in relief on hydrologic conditions in the surrounding area, with an interpretation based on the Water Law

Typical changes in surface relief resulting from earthworks include the construction of earthen and debris-type embankments and the excavation of hillslope sides. The paper places in groups and discusses local changes in the hydrologic conditions associated with these types of changes in relief and provides an interpretation of these changes in agreement with current Polish Water Law. The expected and frequent effect of earthen embankments is a rise in the groundwater level under the embankment, which may lead to the formation of a wetland in its immediate vicinity and higher groundwater levels across larger areas on the hillslope above. Some embankments redirect surface runoff from surrounding areas or block it, thus creating outflow-free depressions. Other embankments help form surface runoff that flows down from the surface of the embankment. Some embankments are secured with solid walls that yield a variety of unique hydrodynamic effects. In many cases, the levelling of terrain for construction purposes is accompanied by the undercutting of hillslopes, the effects of which are also noted in the paper. Yet another issue is the susceptibility of embankments to gravity-driven mass movements, especially mudslides and landslides. The excessive weight of an embankment may also cause landslides in the embankment’s base formations