Formación de la legislación sobre el seguro de pensiones en Francia, el Reino Unido y Rusia. Una retrospectiva

The relevance of the study is due to the crisis of modern pension insurance systems and the need to change the paradigm of pension legislation development. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the formation of legislation on pension insurance in several countries (France, Great Britain, and Russia) at the initial stage of development (before 1914). The novelty is expressed both in the formulation of the problem and in the research methodology (the choice of countries and the period of research, the justification for the use of methods: dialectics, analysis, synthesis, system-structural, sociological, statistical, historical-legal, comparative-legal, formal-legal). The result of the study was the conclusions about the historical conditionality of the peculiarities of the formation of legislation on pension insurance in a particular country. There was early legalization of both voluntary and compulsory pension insurance in France. There was no legislation on pension insurance in the UK during the period under review, despite the early development of relevant institutions in the framework of workshops, guilds, and later in the framework of trade unions and “friendly societies”. In Russia, due to the agrarian nature of the economy, pension insurance did not develop within the framework of workshops and guilds; there were no laws on insurance in case of old age by 1914, while the risks of disability and loss of the breadwinner were regulated by law.El estudio analiza la crisis de los sistemas modernos pensionales y establece la necesidad de cambiar el paradigma de la legislación de pensiones. El objetivo del estudio consiste en identificar las características de la legislación sobre los seguros pensionales de varios estados (Francia, Reino Unido y Rusia) partiendo de su etapa inicial hasta 1914. La novedad se expresa tanto en la formulación del problema como en la metodología de investigación (selección de países y período de estudio, justificación de la aplicación de los métodos: dialéctico, de análisis, de síntesis, sistémico-estructural, sociológico, estadístico, histórico-legal, comparativo-legal, formal-legal). Como resultado del estudio se llegó a conclusiones sobre el condicionamiento histórico de las características de la formación de la legislación sobre el seguro de pensiones de un país en particular. En Francia, se promulgó una legislación temprana sobre el seguro de pension voluntario y también obligatorio en Francia. En el Reino Unido, durante el período que se examina, no había legislación sobre seguros de pensiones, a pesar del desarrollo temprano de las instituciones pertinentes dentro de los talleres, gremios y, posteriormente, dentro de la actividad de los sindicatos y las «sociedades fraternales». En Rusia, debido a la naturaleza agraria de la economía, el seguro de pensiones en el marco de los talleres y gremios nunca funcionó; en 1914 se adolecía de leyes sobre el seguro de vejez, mientras que los riesgos de discapacidad y la pérdida del sostén de la familia se regulaban por ley

Project activities of law students in the implementation of the youth’s legal education policy

Background. Legal education of young people is an important direction in the implementation of the education policy in the country. It acts as an important tool that allows solving a wide range of strategic tasks to improve legal culture and legal awareness. In order for this tool to be effective, it is useful to have a conceptual understanding of legal educational activities, the tools and the subject composition, and the ways in which this activity is carried out. This topic was chosen by students of the Law Institute for the preparation of scientific projects. The purpose of the study is to form the concept of legal educational activities of young people in the scientific projects of students of the Law Institute of Penza State University. Materials and methods. The implementation of research tasks was achieved by formal legal, comparative legal, systemic approaches to the study. Results.The authors present original scientific projects of students aimed at legal education of young people. Conclusions. The results of the study indicate the need to involve students in research work, through the development of projects. This allows you to apply your legal knowledge and skills in the implementation of legal educational activities for young people

Formation of legislation on pension insurance in France, Great Britain, and Russia. a retrospective Inglés

The relevance of the study is due to the crisis of modern pension insurance systems and the need to change the paradigm of pension legislation development. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the formation of legislation on pension insurance in several countries (France, Great Britain, and Russia) at the initial stage of development (before 1914). The novelty is expressed both in the formulation of the problem and in the research methodology (the choice of countries and the period of research, the justification for the use of methods: dialectics, analysis, synthesis, system-structural, sociological, statistical, historical-legal, comparative-legal, formal-legal). The result of the study was the conclusions about the historical conditionality of the peculiarities of the formation of legislation on pension insurance in a particular country. There was early legalization of both voluntary and compulsory pension insurance in France. There was no legislation on pension insurance in the UK during the period under review, despite the early development of relevant institutions in the framework of workshops, guilds, and later in the framework of trade unions and “friendly societies”. In Russia, due to the agrarian nature of the economy, pension insurance did not develop within the framework of workshops and guilds; there were no laws on insurance in case of old age by 1914, while the risks of disability and loss of the breadwinner were regulated by lawEl estudio analiza la crisis de los sistemas modernos pensionales y establece la necesidad de cambiar el paradigma de la legislación de pensiones. El objetivo del estudio consiste en identificar las características de la legislación sobre los seguros pensionales de varios estados (Francia, Reino Unido y Rusia) partiendo de su etapa inicial hasta 1914. La novedad se expresa tanto en la formulación del problema como en la metodología de investigación (selección de países y período de estudio, justificación de la aplicación de los métodos: dialéctico, de análisis, de síntesis, sistémico-estructural, sociológico, estadístico, histórico-legal, comparativo-legal, formal-legal). Como resultado del estudio se llegó a conclusiones sobre el condicionamiento histórico de las características de la formación de la legislación sobre el seguro de pensiones de un país en particular. En Francia, se promulgó una legislación temprana sobre el seguro de pension voluntario y también obligatorio en Francia. En el Reino Unido, durante el período que se examina, no había legislación sobre seguros de pensiones, a pesar del desarrollo temprano de las instituciones pertinentes dentro de los talleres, gremios y, posteriormente, dentro de la actividad de los sindicatos y las «sociedades fraternales». En Rusia, debido a la naturaleza agraria de la economía, el seguro de pensiones en el marco de los talleres y gremios nunca funcionó; en 1914 se adolecía de leyes sobre el seguro de vejez, mientras que los riesgos de discapacidad y la pérdida del sostén de la familia se regulaban por ley

Iron phthalocyanine derived Fe1/h-BN single atom catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation

Iron phthalocyanine-coated hexagonal boron nitride (FePc/h-BN) nanoparticles, obtained by FePcCl adsorption on the h-BN surface from a dimethylformamide solution, were subjected to heat treatment in order to form single atom Fe1/h-BN catalysts. Samples were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and temperature-programmed oxidation/reduction/desorption. The FePc deposition process was optimized to avoid the formation of nanoparticles. FePc exhibits high thermal stability in a hydrogen atmosphere and decomposes into a single iron atom when oxidizing in an O2 flow at 350 °C (sample Fe1-ox/h-BN). Subsequent reductive heat treatment in hydrogen (sample Fe1-red/h-BN) results in the formation of Fe-based nanoparticles due to Fe1 diffusion and association, resulting in a decrease in catalytic activity. Hydrogenation proceeds according to the Eley-Rideal mechanism with CO2 chemisorption on the Fe1 surface species (Fe1-ox/h-BN) and is changed to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism (Fe1-red/h-BN). Selectivity for hydrocarbons increases after reduction of the Fe1-ox/h-BN sample. Our results open up new possibilities for using metal phthalocyanine as a precursor for cheap, reproducible, and efficient single atom catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation.</p