戦国大名分国およびその周辺地域における領域支配の研究 : 研究成果報告書

本研究は、戦国期の大名分国の領域支配のあり方から、権力構造の特質を明らかにすることを目的としている。戦国大名権力については、「家中」に対する支配と、大名「家中」に包摂されない自立的な戦国領主（国衆）に対する支配の「二重構造」が指摘されるが、自立的な戦国領主による「領」支配と、大名が「家中」や一門から任命した支城主による支城領支配には共通性もみられ、支城主が一定の自立性をもつ場合もある。こうした自立的な領域支配は、大名の分国支配・防衛のための必要性から生じる側面があり、そこに戦国期の権力構造の特質を見出すことができると考える。よって、その観点から戦国領主と支城主を分析することで、大名権力の構造の解明を試みるものである

Optical Responses of Localized and Extended Modes in a Mesoporous Layer on Plasmonic Array to Isopropanol Vapor

Mesoporous silica features open and accessible pores that can intake substances from the outside. The combination of mesoporous silica with plasmonic nanostructures represents an interesting platform for an optical sensor based on the dependence of plasmonic modes on the refractive index of the medium in which metallic nanoparticles are embedded. However, so far only a limited number of plasmonic nanostructures are combined with mesoporous silica, including random dispersion of metallic nanoparticles and fl at metallic thin fi lms. In this study, we make a mesoporous silica layer on an aluminum nanocylinder array. Such plasmonic arrangements support both localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) and extended modes which are the result of the hybridization of LSPRs and photonic modes extending into the mesoporous layer. We investigate in situ optical re fl ectance of this system under controlled pressure of isopropanol vapor. Upon exposure, the capillary condensation in the mesopores results in a gradual spectral shift of the re fl ectance. Our analysis demonstrates that such shifts depend largely on the nature of the modes; that is, the extended modes show larger shifts compared to localized ones. Our materials represent a useful platform for the fi eld of environmental sensingEspaña MINECO grant MAT2017-88584-R

Theories of Transformation and Social Background in the Living Environment Studies Curriculum: Focusing on the Home -Life Environments of Children

本稿の目的は，生活科で育成を目指す子どもの姿はどのように変遷してきたのか，その社会的背景は何であったのかを明らかにすることである。「家庭」に関する内容に注目し，学習指導要領・教科書・教師用指導書の分析をおこなった。結果として，以下の2点が明らかになった。第1に，学習の方法原理が，子どもに「しなければならない」価値規範を体得させるものから，「自分でできること」を自ら考え，実践するものに変化している。第2に，目標が，子どもを家庭の構成員に育てることから，子ども自身がより良い家庭生活を送ることに変化している。こうした変化の過程において，自分自身への気付きといった観点が緩やかに強調されている。この背景には，学校教育と私教育における双方の関係性・役割の変化がある。This study addresses the following two questions: how have living environment studies’ ideas about the qualities and abilities of developing children changed, and what is the social background underlying this change? It focuses on the content dealing with the home-life environment in courses of study, textbooks, and teachers’ guides. The analysis of the results revealed two findings. Firstly, the older belief that the learning method is what makes children acquire value norms has shifted to embrace the idea that one thinks and practices what one can do. Secondly, given that the goal is to raise children to be responsible family members, children themselves are being transformed in a way that leads to better lives for them. During such transformation, their self-awareness is enhanced. As a result, there have been changes in the roles of both school education and private education, as well as the relationship between these processes to develop children

Leiomyosarcoma involving the inferior vena cava in an elderly patient with reference to its operative modalities : a case report

We report a case of primary pararenal leiomyosarcoma involving the inferior vena cava (IVC) in a78-year-old woman with exertional dyspnea. In the present case, we performed the tumor resection withtransient transection and primary repair of the IVC in order to avoid invasive surgery. Although theusual treatment for younger patients is complete tumor resection with wide margins (IVC and adjacentorgans) to minimize relapse, this may be too invasive for aged patients. In this report, we discuss theimportance of minimizing the risk of complications following treatments in aged patients

Altered awareness of action in Parkinson’s disease: evaluations by explicit and implicit measures

Deficits in the integration of motor prediction and its feedback have been reported in Parkinson's disease. Conscious awareness of action is proposed to emerge under the integration of motor prediction and its feedback. Thus, it may lead to changes in the awareness of the authorship of action (in other words, the sense of agency) in Parkinson's disease. We have employed both explicit and implicit measures to assess the awareness of action in Parkinson's disease and matched controls. As an explicit measure, an action recognition task requiring explicit judgments was used. Patients showed less attribution of their movements to non-biased and angular-biased visual feedbacks. As an implicit measure, the temporal attraction between the perceived time of actions and their effects, which is known as intentional binding task, was used. While action-effect association was observed in the control group, actions were not experienced as having shifted towards their subsequent effects in the patient group. These tendencies were consistent regardless of the side of the asymmetrical motor symptoms. These results may reflect an underlying abnormality in the awareness of voluntary action in Parkinson's disease

Dopamine D_1 Receptors and Nonlinear Probability Weighting in Risky Choice

Misestimating risk could lead to disadvantaged choices such as initiation of drug use (or gambling) and transition to regular drug use (or gambling). Although the normative theory in decision-making under risks assumes that people typically take the probability-weighted expectation over possible utilities, experimental studies of choices among risks suggest that outcome probabilities are transformed nonlinearly into subjective decision weights by a nonlinear weighting function that overweights low probabilities and underweights high probabilities. Recent studies have revealed the neurocognitive mechanism of decision-making under risk. However, the role of modulatory neurotransmission in this process remains unclear. Using positron emission tomography, we directly investigated whether dopamine D_1 and D_2 receptors in the brain are associated with transformation of probabilities into decision weights in healthy volunteers. The binding of striatal D_1 receptors is negatively correlated with the degree of nonlinearity of weighting function. Individuals with lower striatal D_1 receptor density showed more pronounced overestimation of low probabilities and underestimation of high probabilities. This finding should contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of risky choice, and extreme or impaired decision-making observed in drug and gambling addiction

Neuroimaging at 7 Tesla: a pictorial narrative review

Neuroimaging using the 7-Tesla (7T) human magnetic resonance (MR) system is rapidly gaining popularity after being approved for clinical use in the European Union and the USA. This trend is the same for functional MR imaging (MRI). The primary advantages of 7T over lower magnetic fields are its higher signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios, which provide high-resolution acquisitions and better contrast, making it easier to detect lesions and structural changes in brain disorders. Another advantage is the capability to measure a greater number of neurochemicals by virtue of the increased spectral resolution. Many structural and functional studies using 7T have been conducted to visualize details in the white matter and layers of the cortex and hippocampus, the subnucleus or regions of the putamen, the globus pallidus, thalamus and substantia nigra, and in small structures, such as the subthalamic nucleus, habenula, perforating arteries, and the perivascular space, that are difficult to observe at lower magnetic field strengths. The target disorders for 7T neuroimaging range from tumoral diseases to vascular, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia. MR spectroscopy has also been used for research because of its increased chemical shift that separates overlapping peaks and resolves neurochemicals more effectively at 7T than a lower magnetic field. This paper presents a narrative review of these topics and an illustrative presentation of images obtained at 7T. We expect 7T neuroimaging to provide a new imaging biomarker of various brain disorders

Admission systolic blood pressure as a prognostic predictor of acute decompensated heart failure: A report from the KCHF registry

[Background] Admission systolic blood pressure has emerged as a predictor of postdischarge outcomes of patients with acute decompensated heart failure; however, its validity in varied clinical conditions of this patient subset is unclear. The aim of this study was to further explore the prognostic value of admission systolic blood pressure in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. [Methods] The Kyoto Congestive Heart Failure (KCHF) registry is a prospective, observational, multicenter cohort study enrolling consecutive patients with acute decompensated heart failure from 19 participating hospitals in Japan. Clinical characteristics at baseline and prognosis were examined by the following value range of admission systolic blood pressure: <100, 100–139, and ≥140 mmHg. The primary outcome measure was defined as all-cause death after discharge. Subgroup analyses were done for prior hospitalization for heart failure, hypertension, left ventricular ejection fraction, and medications at discharge. We excluded patients with acute coronary syndrome or insufficient data. [Results] We analyzed 3564 patients discharged alive out of 3804 patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. In the entire cohort, lower admission systolic blood pressure was associated with poor outcomes (1-year cumulative incidence of all-cause death: <100 mmHg, 26.8%; 100–139 mmHg, 20.2%; and ≥140 mmHg, 15.1%, p<0.001). The magnitude of the effect of lower admission systolic blood pressure for postdischarge all-cause death was greater in patients with prior hospitalization for heart failure, heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, and β-blocker use at discharge than in those without. [Conclusions] Admission systolic blood pressure is useful for postdischarge risk stratification in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Its magnitude of the effect as a prognostic predictor may differ across clinical conditions of patients

Impact of early treatment with intravenous vasodilators and blood pressure reduction in acute heart failure

Objective Although vasodilators are used in acute heart failure (AHF) management, there have been no clear supportive evidence regarding their routine use. Recent European guidelines recommend systolic blood pressure (SBP) reduction in the range of 25% during the first few hours after diagnosis. This study aimed to examine clinical and prognostic significance of early treatment with intravenous vasodilators in relation to their subsequent SBP reduction in hospitalised AHF. Methods We performed post hoc analysis of 1670 consecutive patients enrolled in the Registry Focused on Very Early Presentation and Treatment in Emergency Department of Acute Heart Failure. Intravenous vasodilator use within 6 hours of hospital arrival and subsequent SBP changes were analysed. Outcomes were gauged by 1-year mortality and diuretic response (DR), defined as total urine output 6 hours posthospital arrival per 40 mg furosemide-equivalent diuretic use. Results Over half of the patients (56.0%) were treated with intravenous vasodilators within the first 6 hours. In this vasodilator-treated cohort, 554 (59.3%) experienced SBP reduction 25%. In patients experiencing Conclusions Intravenous vasodilator therapy was associated with greater DR and lower mortality, provided SBP reduction was less than 25%. Our results highlight the importance in early administration of intravenous vasodilators without causing excess SBP reduction in AHF management