Measurement of Radio-Frequency Radiation Pressure

We perform measurements of the radiation pressure of a radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic field which may lead to a new SI-traceable power calibration. There are several groups around the world investigating methods to perform more direct SI traceable measurement of RF power (where RF is defined to range from 100s of MHz to THz). A measurement of radiation pressure offers the possibility for a power measure traceable to the kilogram and to Planck's constant through the redefined SI. Towards this goal, we demonstrate the ability to measure the radiation pressure/force carried in a field at 15~GHz.Comment: 2 pages 4 figure

Cooperative Marketing of Cream

Discusses the practical and profitable benefits of marketing cream through cooperative creameries

Nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare principle

Zásada nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare Abstrakt Tato diplomová práce se věnuje zásadě nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare (zásadě zákazu donucení k sebeobviňování), jedním z nejdůležitějších práv obhajoby v trestním řízení. Diplomová práce poskytuje ucelený pohled na zásadu nemo tenetur a její uplatnění v českém právním řádu, kdy speciální pozornost je věnována výslechu obviněného a svědka. Práce začíná výkladem pojmu "zásada" v právu a zařazuje zásadu nemo tenetur jako základní zásadu trestního řízení, i přestože není explicitně vyjmenována v § 2 trestního řádu. Druhá kapitola se věnuje historickému vývoji zásady nemo tenetur ve starověku a jejímu následnému mu vývoji na území českého státu. V další části diplomové práce jsou zkoumány lidskoprávní mezinárodní smlouvy, kterými je Česká republika vázaná a které obsahují zásadu nemo tenetur. Dále je zde rozebráno právní zakotvení zásady nemo tenetur v českém vnitrostátním právu, jak na ústavní, tak zákonné úrovni, a to včetně nového návrhu trestního řádu. Následuje kapitola věnující se výslechu obviněného, ve které jsou popsány meze mezi zákonným a nezákonným donucením při výslechu obviněného. Dále tato kapitola obsahuje popis institutu poučení o právu obviněného nevypovídat, včetně mezinárodní komparace tohoto poučení. Poslední kapitola je věnována výslechu svědka...Principle nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare Abstract This thesis is devoted to the principle of nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare (the right against self-incrimination), one of the most important rights of the defense in criminal proceedings. This thesis provides a comprehensive view of the principle of nemo tenetur and its application in the Czech legal system, where special attention is paid to the interrogation of the accused and the witness. Thesis begins with an interpretation of the term "principle" in law and includes the principle of nemo tenetur as a basic principle of criminal proceedings, even though it is not explicitly listed in § 2 of the Criminal Code. The second chapter is devoted to the historical development of the nemo tenetur principle in ancient times and its subsequent development on the territory of the Czech state. In the next part of the thesis, international human rights treaties to which the Czech Republic is bound and which contain the principle of nemo tenetur are examined. Furthermore, the legal embedding of the principle of nemo tenetur in Czech national law, both at the constitutional and statutory level, including the new draft of the Criminal code, is discussed in this chapter. This is followed by a chapter devoted to the interrogation of the accused, where the limits between...Katedra trestního právaDepartment of Criminal LawPrávnická fakultaFaculty of La

Nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare principle

Principle nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare Abstract This thesis is devoted to the principle of nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare (the right against self-incrimination), one of the most important rights of the defense in criminal proceedings. This thesis provides a comprehensive view of the principle of nemo tenetur and its application in the Czech legal system, where special attention is paid to the interrogation of the accused and the witness. Thesis begins with an interpretation of the term "principle" in law and includes the principle of nemo tenetur as a basic principle of criminal proceedings, even though it is not explicitly listed in § 2 of the Criminal Code. The second chapter is devoted to the historical development of the nemo tenetur principle in ancient times and its subsequent development on the territory of the Czech state. In the next part of the thesis, international human rights treaties to which the Czech Republic is bound and which contain the principle of nemo tenetur are examined. Furthermore, the legal embedding of the principle of nemo tenetur in Czech national law, both at the constitutional and statutory level, including the new draft of the Criminal code, is discussed in this chapter. This is followed by a chapter devoted to the interrogation of the accused, where the limits between..

Feedback Control of a Nonlinear Electrostatic Force Transducer

We document a feedback controller design for a nonlinear electrostatic transducer that exhibits a strong unloaded resonance. Challenging features of this type of transducer include the presence of multiple fixed points (some of which are unstable), nonlinear force-to-deflection transfer, effective spring-constant softening due to electrostatic loading and associated resonance frequency shift. Furthermore, due to the utilization of lowpass filters in the electronic readout circuitry, a significant amount of transport delay is introduced in the feedback loop. To stabilize this electro-mechanical system, we employ an active disturbance-rejecting controller with nonlinear force mapping and delay synchronization. As demonstrated by numerical simulations, the combination of these three control techniques stabilizes the system over a wide range of electrode deflections. The proposed controller shows good setpoint tracking and disturbance rejection, and improved settling time, compared to the sensor alone

The Jewish question in the Polish Army in the USSR and Field Bishop Józef Gawlina

Oparty na wspomnieniach oraz wybranych archiwaliach (Instytut Polski i Muzeum im. gen. Sikorskiego w Londynie) artykuł o położeniu obywateli polskich pochodzenia żydowskiego w ZSRR w latach 1939-1943. Opisano uwarunkowania prawne oraz społeczno-polityczne egzystencji ludności żydowskiej, deportowanej do Związku Radzieckiego z województw wschodnich Polski po roku 1939. Utworzenie Armii Polskiej w ZSRR w roku 1941 umożliwiło w roku następnym ewakuację części polskich obywateli, którzy zostali zwolnieni z więzień, obozów koncentracyjnych i zesłania, do Iranu. Sytuacja ówczesna przedstawicieli mniejszości narodowych państwa polskiego, w tym mniejszości żydowskiej, które znalazły się w ZSRR, związana była ze sprawą przedwojennej granicy polsko-radzieckiej, zakwestionowanej przez Rosjan, uznających za nadal wiążące postanowienia paktu Ribbentrop–Mołotow z roku 1939. Mniejszości te stały się swoistym zakładnikiem władz radzieckich, które odmówiły im prawa do zachowania obywatelstwa polskiego, a tym samym uniemożliwiły opuszczenie ZSRR, podobnie jak znacznej części cywilnej ludności polskiej, nie związanej bezpośrednio z Armią Polską w ZSRR. Jedną z osób, które drogą nacisków oraz starań osobistych usiłowały dopomóc w ewakuacji żydów do Iranu, był biskup polowy Wojska Polskiego Józef Gawlina (1933-1947), który od kwietnia do września 1942 roku przebywał w ZSRR, zajmując się opieką nad ludnością cywilną oraz duszpasterstwem wojskowymThe article, based on memories and selected archives from Polish Institute and General Sikorski Museum in London, presents the position of Polish citizens of Jewish origin in the USSR in the years of 1939-1943. Especialy the legal and socio-political conditions of the Jewish population deported to the Soviet Union from the eastern provinces of Poland after 1939 are described.Establishing the Polish Army in the USSR in 1941 enabled the evacuation to Iran the following year some of Polish citizens who were previously released from prisons, concentration camps and exile. However the conditions of representatives of the national minorities from the pre-war Polish State, including Jewish minority, were strictly related to the fact that Soviet authorities recognized the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact from 1939 as a still valid and they were questioning pre-war boundary beetwen Republic of Poland and USSR. These minorities became a kind of hostage of the Soviets, which refused them the right to preserve Polish citizenship, and thus prevented them from leaving the USSR, as did towards a significant part of the Polish civilian population not directly related to the Polish Army in the USSR. One of the people who through mounting pressure and personal efforts tried to help in the evacuation of Jews to Iran, was a Field Bishop of the Polish Army Józef Gawlina (1933-1947), who staying in the USSR from April to September 1942 was taking care of civilians and military pastoral car

On the Sensitivity of Network Simulation to Topology

While network simulations for congestion control studies have often varied traffic loads and protocol parameters, they have typically investigated only a few topologies. The most common is by far the so-called ``barbell'' topology. In this paper we argue, first, that the barbell topology is not representative of the Internet. In particular, we report that a measurable fraction of packets pass through multiple congestion points. Second, we argue that the distinction between the ``barbell'' topology and more complex topologies is relevant by presenting a scenario with multiple congestion points that exhibits behavior that seems unexpected based on intuition derived from the barbell topology (in particular, a TCP-only system that exhibits behavior technically considered ``congestion collapse''). We make the larger argument that the typical methodology currently accepted for evaluating network protocols is flawed. Finally, we briefly comment on some issues that arise in designing a simulation methodology that will be better suited to comparison of network protocol performance

cing: Measuring Network-Internal Delays using only Existing Infrastructure

Several techniques have been proposed for measuring network-internal delays. However, those that rely on router responses have questionable performance, and all proposed alternatives require either new functionality in routers or the existence of a measurement infrastructure. In this paper we revisit the feasibility of measuring network-internal delays using only existing infrastructure, focusing on the use of ICMP Timestamp probes to routers. We present network measurements showing that ICMP Timestamp is widely supported and that TTL-responses often perform poorly, and we analyze the effect of path instability and routing irregularities on the performance and applicability of using ICMP Timestamp. We also confirm that router responses rarely introduce errors in our measurements. Finally, we present a practical algorithm for clock artifact removal that addresses problems with previous methods and has been found to perform well in our setting