Modelling sub-daily latent heat fluxes from a small reservoir

Accurate methods of latent heat flux quantification are essential for water management and for use in hydrological and meteorological models. Currently the effect of small lakes in most numerical weather prediction modelling systems is either entirely ignored or crudely parameterized. In order to test methods for modelling hourly latent heat flux from small water bodies, this study compares results from several modelling approaches to values measured by the eddy covariance method at an agricultural reservoir in southeast Queensland, Australia. Mass transfer estimates of LE calculated using the theoretical mass transfer model and using the Tanny et al. (2008) and Sacks et al. (1994) bulk transfer coefficients showed the best relationship with measured values under a range of meteorological conditions. The theoretical model showed the strongest correlation with measured values, while the Tanny et al. (2008) and Sacks et al. (1994) models had regression equation slopes with the closest proximity to 1. Latent heat fluxes estimated using the Granger and Hedstrom (2011) evaporation model, that was specifically developed for use at small reservoirs, showed a poor relationship with measured values, particularly in stable atmospheric conditions. The 1-dimensional hydrodynamics model, DYRESM, was used to obtain predictions of hourly latent heat flux without the use of water surface temperature measurements. DYRESM estimates of latent heat flux showed a slightly worse relationship with measured values than those predicted using the traditional mass transfer models (which used measurements of water surface temperature). However, DYRESM performed considerably better than the Granger and Hedstrom (2011) model

Modelling Sub-daily Latent Heat Fluxes from a Small Reservoir

Abstract Accurate methods of latent heat flux quantification are essential for water management and for use in hydrological and meteorological models. Currently the effect of small lakes in most numerical weather prediction modelling systems is either entirely ignored or crudely parameterized. In order to test methods for modelling hourly latent heat flux from small water bodies, this study compares results from several modelling approaches to values measured by the eddy covariance method at an agricultural reservoir in southeast Queensland, Australia. Mass transfer estimates of LE calculated using the theoretical mass transfer model and using the Tanny et al

Effects of diurnal, intra-seasonal and seasonal climate variability on the energy balance of a small subtropical reservoir

In order to gain a full understanding of the importance of interactions between the atmosphere and inland water bodies, there is a need to analyse these exchanges in different regions throughout the world and under a wide range of weather and climate conditions. A 2-year time series of energy balance measurements was made at a small reservoir situated in southeast Queensland, Australia. Measurements were used to establish diurnal, intra-seasonal and seasonal cycles of evaporation, while synoptic weather maps and local weather station data were used to relate variations in water surface-atmosphere energy exchanges to synoptic and mesoscale weather phenomena. Consistent diurnal peaks in latent heat flux during the afternoon were observed throughout this study as a result of strong dry winds coinciding with peak water surface temperatures. Occasional intra-seasonal pulses in latent heat flux (i.e. evaporation) in winter and spring were associated with the passage of cold fronts over southern Queensland, which brought strong dry westerly winds. The average annual evaporative water loss from the reservoir during the 2-year measurement campaign was 991mm year-1. It is thought that differences between the annual evaporation totals for the 2 years of this study may have been related to differences in the frequency of overcast conditions as a result of a change in the phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation

The Potential Effects of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Evaporation from Water Storage Reservoirs within the Lockyer Catchment, South-East Queensland, Australia

In order to effectively manage water storage reservoirs, it is essential to be able to anticipate how components of the water balance will react to predicted long-term trends in climate. This study examines the potential impacts of anthropogenic climate change on evaporation from small reservoirs in the Lockyer catchment, a productive agricultural region in south-east Queensland, Australia. Future projections of evaporation, made using the most likely future emissions scenario, suggested that evaporation is expected to increase by ∼6% by the year 2050. In addition, rainfall is expected to decrease by ∼8%. These projected increases in evaporation and reductions in rainfall, combined with the knowledge that changes in annual rainfall are known to be amplified in annual runoff, mean that the availability of water resources in the Lockyer catchment region may be greatly diminished in the future. In addition, increases in water scarcity, combined with higher future air temperatures and population growth, are likely to result in a greater demand for irrigation in the future

La enseñanza de competencias para resolver situaciones conflictivas con pacientes agresivos en enfermería mediante el Método del Caso (MdC)

Este trabajo trata de dise&ntilde;ar una secuencia de ense&ntilde;anza que ofrezca a los estudiantes la oportunidad de adquirir los conocimientos, habilidades, actitudes y valores necesarios para enfrentarse a un paciente conflictivo. Para dise&ntilde;ar la docencia se ha optado por una estrategia de ense&ntilde;anza activa y en particular, por el llamado M&eacute;todo del Caso.La elaboraci&oacute;n del Caso se produjo durante el curso 2010-11 y la implementaci&oacute;n del mismo, tuvo lugar en el curso 2011-2012, en la asignatura de &ldquo;Relaci&oacute;n y Comunicaci&oacute;n para el cuidado enfermero&rdquo;, de 2&ordm; a&ntilde;o de Grado de Enfermer&iacute;a en la Universidad del Pa&iacute;s Vasco.Los resultados de la implementaci&oacute;n indican que el MdC es una herramienta satisfactoria para la adquisici&oacute;n de las competencias planteadas, adem&aacute;s de ser un m&eacute;todo de aprendizaje muy bien aceptado por los alumnos en general. Al finalizar el proceso el 97,1% de los participantes afirma que repetir&iacute;a con esta metodolog&iacute;a y el 100% opina que &ldquo;esta metodolog&iacute;a me ha ayudado m&aacute;s o mucho m&aacute;s&rdquo;. Asimismo, todos los alumnos han superado, al menos, el m&iacute;nimo de los Resultados de aprendizaje exigidos. La experiencia planteada debe servir de incentivo para continuar ampliando el abanico de posibilidades que ofrecen las metodolog&iacute;as activas.ABSTRACTTeaching skills to resolve conflicts with aggressive patients in nursing through the Case Method (MoC).This paper seeks to design a teaching sequence that provides students with an&nbsp;opportunity to acquire knowledge, skills, attitudes and values needed when&nbsp;dealing with an aggressive patient. To design the teaching&nbsp;method,&nbsp;a strategy of active teaching, and in particular the so-called Case Method, has been chosen. The preparation of the case occurred during the 2010-11 academic year and its implementation&nbsp;took place&nbsp;in&nbsp;2011-2012&nbsp;during a course&nbsp;called "Relationship and Communication for Nursing Care". The participants were 2nd year&nbsp;nursing students at the Basque Country&nbsp;University. The results of implementation show that the MoC is a satisfactory tool for the acquisition of the proposed competences,&nbsp;as well as being a learning method that is very well received by students in general. On completion, 97.1% of the participants said they would repeat this methodology and 100% said&nbsp;that "this methodology has proven helpful or very helpful to me in comparison with the classic expositive methodology." In addition, all students have passed at least the minimum of the required learning outcome. The proposed experience should be an incentive to continue to expand the range of possibilities offered by active methods.</p