Cognitive Function Is Disrupted by Both Hypo- and Hyperglycemia in School-AgedChildren With Type 1 Diabetes: A Field Study

Objective: We developed a field procedure using personal digital assistant (PDA) technology to test the hypothesis that naturally occurring episodes of hypo- and hyperglycemia are associated with deterioration in cognitive function in children with type 1 diabetes. Research Design and Methods: A total of 61 children aged 6–11 years with type 1 diabetes received a PDA programmed with two brief cognitive tests (mental math and choice reaction time), which they completed just before home glucose readings. The computer recorded time to complete each test and number of correct responses. Children completed several trials per day over 4–6 weeks for a total of 70 trials. Performance variables were compared across glucose ranges. Individual impairment scores (IISs) were also computed for each child by calculating the SD between performance during euglycemia and that during glucose extremes. Results: Time to complete both mental math and reaction time was significantly longer during hypoglycemia. During hyperglycemia, time to complete math was significantly longer and reaction time was marginally significant (P = 0.053). There were no differences on task accuracy. Decline in mental math performance was equivalent at glucose levels 22.2 mmol/l. IISs varied greatly across children, with no age or sex differences. Conclusions: A decrease in mental efficiency occurs with naturally occurring hypo- and hyperglycemic glucose fluctuations in children with type 1 diabetes, and this effect can be detected with a field procedure using PDA technology. With blood glucose levels >22.2 mmol/l, cognitive deterioration equals that associated with significant hypoglycemia

V474 Car: A Rare Halo RS CVn Binary in Retrograde Galactic Orbit

We report the discovery that the star V474 Car is an extremely active, high velocity halo RS CVn system. The star was originally identified as a possible pre-main sequence star in Carina, given its enhanced stellar activity, rapid rotation (10.3 days), enhanced Li, and absolute magnitude that places it above the main sequence. However, its extreme radial velocity (264 km s$^{-1}$) suggested that this system was unlike any previously known pre-MS system. Our detailed spectroscopic analysis of echelle spectra taken with the CTIO 4-m finds that V474 Car is both a spectroscopic binary with orbital period similar to the photometric rotation period, and metal poor ([Fe/H] $\simeq -$0.99). The star's Galactic orbit is extremely eccentric (e $\simeq$ 0.93) with perigalacticon of only $\sim$0.3 kpc of the Galactic center - and its eccentricity and smallness of its perigalacticon are only surpassed by $\sim$0.05%, of local F/G-type field stars. The observed characteristics are consistent with V474 Car being a high velocity, metal poor, tidally-locked chromospherically active binary (CAB), i.e.\ a halo RS CVn binary, and one of only a few such specimens known.Comment: Accepted to Astronomical Journa

P2X7 receptor‐mediated Nlrp3‐inflammasome activation is a genetic determinant of macrophage‐dependent crescentic glomerulonephritis

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141169/1/jlb0127-sup-0001.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141169/2/jlb0127.pd

A Radio Pulsar/X-ray Binary Link

Radio pulsars with millisecond spin periods are thought to have been spun up by transfer of matter and angular momentum from a low-mass companion star during an X-ray-emitting phase. The spin periods of the neutron stars in several such low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) systems have been shown to be in the millisecond regime, but no radio pulsations have been detected. Here we report on detection and follow-up observations of a nearby radio millisecond pulsar (MSP) in a circular binary orbit with an optically identified companion star. Optical observations indicate that an accretion disk was present in this system within the last decade. Our optical data show no evidence that one exists today, suggesting that the radio MSP has turned on after a recent LMXB phase.Comment: published in Scienc

HIV infection as a risk factor for shigellosis.

We investigated cases of shigellosis in San Francisco and Alameda Counties identified during 1996 by active laboratory surveillance to assess the role of HIV infection as a risk factor for shigellosis. Dramatically elevated rates of shigellosis in HIV-infected persons implicate HIV infection as an important risk factor for shigellosis in San Francisco