THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION AND REMITTANCES TO RURAL MIGRATION-SENDING HOUSEHOLDS: THE CASE OF THE LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA

The research question is to assess the contribution of migration to rural livelihoods through remittances to the migration sending rural households. The paper presents empirical findings from a household survey conducted in the Limpopo Province of South Africa in 1999/2000.The survey covering 585 households in 24 villages. The results indicate that migration is prevalent, and is a source of support for households to supplement their livelihood. The majority of migrants moved away from home to look for a job, with the first period of migration taking place between the ages of 15 and 30 (mean of 23). Remittances form a significant proportion (32%) of the total rural household income, surpassed only by salary and wage earnings (46%). Even though the amounts of remittances and their uses are extremely varied within and between countries, regions and even villages, they provide one of the important means through, which migrants maintain close links with the households left behind, and contribute significantly to the livelihood of a large proportion of the rural population. On the average, local wage and salary income contribute almost R17 230 per annum. This is by far the dominant source of income; it is followed by migrant remittances (cash and goods), which average R14,342 per annum.Consumer/Household Economics, Labor and Human Capital,

The perceptions of clinical physiotherapists of their role in supervising undergraduate students in selected tertiary hospitals in Tanzania

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio)Clinical exposure is a major training component that professional training institutions use to inculcate among undergraduate physiotherapy students clinical knowledge and skills from a real world context. Good perceptions of clinical supervisors of their roles are an important element in enabling effective clinical supervision. However, there is poor engagement of supervisors in students‘ supervision resulting from different perceptions of the supervisors of their respective roles in this endeavour. Evidence shows that clinical supervisors perceive their responsibilities both positively and negatively, in addition to the supervision benefits and counterbalanced by the challenges that impact on their ability to supervise students effectively. Effective and ineffective engagement of clinical supervisors in students‘ supervision necessitated this study to explore the perceptions of clinical physiotherapy supervisors of their supervisory roles in this endeavour. The results of this study may assist with making recommendations to address clinical supervision benefits and challenges. The aim of the study is to explore clinical physiotherapists‘ perceptions of their supervisory roles during undergraduate clinical supervision

MIGRATION AND RURAL ASSETS: EVIDENCE FROM SURVEYS IN THREE SEMI-ARID REGIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA, INDIA AND BOTSWANA

Consumer/Household Economics,

THE EFFECT OF RURAL INEQUALITY ON FERTILITY, MIGRATION, ENVIRONMENT AND THUS AGRICULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY: A CASE STUDY IN THE ARID AND SEMI-ARID AREAS IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCE OF SOUTH AFRICA

Food Security and Poverty,

Poverty and inequality profile of households in the Northern Province of South Africa

The paper gives an overview of the socio-economic profile of access to resources and social behaviour of rural households of the Northern Province of South Africa. It is based on the survey conducted in 24 villages covering 586 households. The preliminary results reflect a number of disparities among men and female household heads and their occupations. Women farmers tend to dominate the agricultural sector, while men are predominantly in the service and industry sectors. Also, male headed households have more members than female headed households, which are mostly single parents and have higher percentage of members under fifteen (reflecting high fertility rates). Unemployment is rife, coupled with a significant number of old (retired) people, and more women involved in subsistence agriculture. Migration is prevalent, and is a source of support for households to supplement their livelihood, since farming is not enough to meet household requirements. There is still a gap in access to water and land resources. These results pose major challenges for agriculture in the new millennium since access and distribution of resources will be imminent.Food Security and Poverty,

Effect of rural inequality on migration among the farming households of Limpopo Province, South Africa

This thesis describes a study undertaken in the semi arid areas of Limpopo among rural households with or without migrant workers in their households. The study aimed at analyzing and establishing the association between unequal distribution of land and other productive assets and rural household migration decisions; and to ascertain the relationship between migration remittances received by migration sending households and rural inequality in the migration sending economies. In essence, two important phenomena of inequality and migration are addressed simultaneously from two related angles: the effect of rural inequality on migration behaviour and the effect of migration (through cash and in-kind remittances) on rural inequality. A combination of explorative and confirmative economic analytical tools was used for empirical data analysis. Explorative analysis was meant to present distribution characteristics of the data including frequency analysis, descriptive statistics and cross tabulation; correlation and non-parametric analysis. In the confirmative analysis model specific deterministic relationships among variables or response models were used to confirm the existence of relationships. First, the Gini coefficient technique and Lorenz curves were used to measure inter household income and asset inequality. Factor Analysis (FA) was used to combine variables and create new but fewer factors; and logistic regression analysis LRA) was used to determine variables that positively or negatively affect migration. A survey was conducted among 573 rural households selected from 24 villages of Limpopo in the Central, Southern and Western Regions. Two types of research instruments were used. The first was a semi-structured village questionnaire to gather qualitative information about the villages by interviewing key informants. The second instrument was a structured household questionnaire, which provided information on household composition and characteristics, household income land and other assets, environmental issues, migration and remittances. The household head or his/her deputy responded to a major part of the questionnaire but the migrants responded to some of the migration and remittance related questions. Findings from the Gini coefficient measure and Lorenz curves indicated uneven assets distribution and that landlessness is common in Lebowa. However, comparatively, land and income are more evenly distributed than the other assets. The results of the correlation matrix indicate that there is a negative correlation between the presence of migrants and per-capita household assets and per-capita land ownership (-0.043 and – 0.126 respectively). A one tailed t test indicated that per-capita land is significantly related to the presence of migrants within households (p<05). The presence of migration in a household was also negatively correlated with adult equivalent landholding. Households with migrants tended to have smaller landholdings and the relationship between migration and other asset categories were negative, implying an inverse relationship between them and the propensity to migrate. Variables influencing migration were aggregated using Factor analysis and on the basis of the factor loadings four factors (components) with the largest loadings were identified as: household land and income factor, livestock factor, asset (farm and non farm) factor and lastly pension and household composition factor. The Logistic regression analysis (LRA) using a non-metric, dichotomous dependent ‘dummy variable for presence of migrants in households showed that: the presence of migrant(s) is significantly influenced by per-capita land, per-capita income, per-capita all assets, and total assets (p<05). The results show that a unit increase in value of per capita assets will result to 0.1 percent change in the odds ratio against migration; a unit increase in pension received by a member in a household will result in a 0.6 per cent change in odds ratio against migration; as pension money increases there would be less incentive for members of the household receiving it to migrate. However, a unit increase in per capita income will not result in any change in the odds ratio of migration. In the Central, Southern and Western regions of Limpopo households with smaller land holding per capita tended to have migrants, however, the pattern of migration from these areas does not support the hypothesis that higher inequality of land holding lead to higher out-migration. The Western Region, which has better land distribution than the other two regions, has a higher proportion of households with migrants than the other two regions. Thus, migration must be influenced by a complex association of variables other than just land. Livestock did not have significant influence on migration from the rural areas. This is not surprising for Limpopo, since the province is not well endowed with livestock as a form of asset. Nevertheless, households with migrants have higher total value of livestock than those without migrants. The empirical findings have shown that remittances are an important source of livelihood and the relationship between migration and rural inequality depend critically on how remittances and the losses and gains of human resources through migration are distributed across households. Different income sources add to income inequality but at different rates and extent. In the case of Limpopo, remittances account for a smaller percentage of total inequality (14.9%) than that of salaries and wages (72.3%); pensions contribute the least to the rural income inequality, contributing only 4.3%. This means that remittances are distributed more evenly than salaries and wages among the households that receive them. It means also that even some migration sending households at the lower end of the income spectrum in rural areas have access to some migrant remittances. Income inequality decreases considerably when migrant remittances are combined with income from other sources; in our case it drops by fifteen percentage points from 0.62 to 0.47. The influence of migration remittances upon income inequality will tends to become more favourable as migration opportunities spread throughout the villages.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009.Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural DevelopmentPhDunrestricte

Refugees in a chess game : reflections on Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland refugee policies

The number of refugees in Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland have risen dramatically. To analyse the complex refugee policies which evolved the author places these countries in the broader context of the political economy of the subregion. After giving the general background the author proceeds to analyse each of the three countries in terms of how South African policies have affected their refugee policies

THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION AND REMITTANCES TO RURAL MIGRATION-SENDING HOUSEHOLDS: THE CASE OF THE LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA

The research question is to assess the contribution of migration to rural livelihoods through remittances to the migration-sending rural households. The paper presents empirical findings from a household survey conducted in the Limpopo Province of South Africa in 1999/2000.The survey covering 585 households in 24 villages. The results indicate that migration is prevalent, and is a source of support for households to supplement their livelihood. The majority of migrants moved away from home to look for a job, with the first period of migration taking place between the ages of 15 and 30 (mean of 23). Remittances form a significant proportion (32%) of the total rural household income, surpassed only by salary and wage earnings (46%). Even though the amounts of remittances and their uses are extremely varied within and between countries, regions and even villages, they provide one of the important means through, which migrants maintain close links with the households left behind, and contribute significantly to the livelihood of a large proportion of the rural population. On the average, local wage and salary income contribute almost R17 230 per annum. This is by far the dominant source of income; it is followed by migrant remittances (cash and goods), which average R14,342 per annum